MASONRY BUILDINGS

Student : Bishanjit Singh Grewal Guide : Prof PN Rao

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

INTRODUCTION
Till 20th century most buildings were masonry constructions. Gradually reinforced concrete and steel constructions have become popular. But masonry still preferred because of good insulation, good finishing, economical and easy to procure. Used for infill panels, partitions. Materials used are bricks, stones, blocks etc joined with lime mortar and cement mortar. Used with or without reinforcement. Structure with reinforcement better suited to withstand earthquake.

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

INTRODUCTION
Reason for poor performance of masonry building in earthquake The material itself is brittle and its strength degradation due to load repetition is severe. Masonry has great weight because of thick walls. Large stiffness of the material , which leads to large response to earthquake waves of short natural period. Quality of construction is not consistent because of quality of the locally manufactured masonry unit sand unskilled labour etc that leads to large variability in strength.

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

BEHAVIOUR OF UNREINFORCED MASONRY WALLS

Vulnerable to strong earthquake shaking. Topple easily if pushed horizontally at the top in direction perpendicular to its plane. This is called Out of Plane Failure.

Out of Plane Failure

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

BEHAVIOUR OF UNREINFORCED MASONRY WALLS

A wall offers much greater resistance if pushed along its length. This is called In Plane Resistance. Such a wall is called a Shear Wall.

In Plane Resistance

Seismic capacity based on stability and energy considerations. Elastic or ultimate strength analysis produce over conservative results.
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

FORCE DISPLACEMENT RELATIONSHIP

Wall subjected to lateral loading P P P P
= Pb/2

F
FA Force W h W h FB

A
B

Xb b b

Displacement

C Xc

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

FORCE DISPLACEMENT RELATIONSHIP

Wall behaves elastically upto point A where the base cracks and force drops from FA to FB. FB h = Pb + Wb 2 2 FB = (P + W)b 2h Stabilising force = Pb + Wb 2 2 Unstabilising force = Wx 2 Hence Fh = (Pb - 2Px + Wb Wx) 2
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

FORCE DISPLACEMENT RELATIONSHIP

Solving for x x = Pb + Wb 2Fh 2P + W When F = 0 xc = Pb + Wb 2P + W At point A the incremental stiffness of wall becomes negative so that for a steadily applied force FA, collapse will occur unless the force FA is transferred by an alternative load path to other stiffer structural elements.

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

BEHAVIOUR OF REINFORCED MASONRY WALLS

Designed for lateral out of plane loads and axial loads. Lateral loads are transferred to roof, floor or foundation. Axial loads are transferred directly to the foundation except for eccentric loading that may cause tension in the wall. Failure in reinforced masonry wall occurs in Flexure Shear

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

BEHAVIOUR OF REINFORCED MASONRY WALLS

Failure in Flexure : When ratio of height to length of wall is large and vertical reinforcement is small. Failure in Shear : When ratio of height to length of wall is small.

Pattern of cracks in masonry wall without openings

Pattern of cracks in masonry wall with openings

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

BEHAVIOUR OF WALLS BOX ACTION AND BANDS

Box type construction consists of walls along both axes of building as shown in diagram below.

For the loading shown, walls A act as shear walls and walls B topple over but walls A offer resistance to this.
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

BEHAVIOUR OF WALLS BOX ACTION AND BANDS

To provide more stability to the structure, flexural members known as band or bond beams are incorporated at roof, lintel and plinth level. They provide horizontal reinforcement by taking care of bending tension in horizontal plane and also distribute the vertical concentrated loads placed on the walls. During earthquake shaking, a masonry wall gats grouped into three sub units Spandrel masonry Wall pier masonry Sill masonry Inertia forces cause the masonry wall piers to disconnect from masonry above and below.
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

BEHAVIOUR OF WALLS BOX ACTION AND BANDS

Diagonal cracks are likely to develop. These cracks are checked by providing vertical reinforcement anchored to the foundation.
Earthquake induced inertia force Spandrel Masonry Lintel Level Wall Pier Masonry Sill Level Sill Masonry Plinth Level
Foundation

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

BEHAVIOUR OF INFILL WALLS

In framed structures, the frames are infilled with stiff construction such as brick or concrete block masonry to create an enclosure and to provide safety to users. Such masonry walls are called Infill Walls. Strength and energy dissipation capacity of an infilled wall is much higher than a bare frame. The major drawback is that it causes stress concentration in particular members and also torsional deformation of the plane. The shear distribution throughout the structure is also altered.

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

BEHAVIOUR OF INFILL WALLS

Interaction between a frame and infill masonry

Interaction between a frame and horizontally sheared infill masonry

Interaction between a frame and partial infill masonry

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

DESIGNING OF MASONRY INFILLED FRAME

There are two approaches for the design of a masonry infilled frame Qualitative Design Approach : Leads to heavy reinforcement in both the frame and the masonry which provides an advantage in case of a major earthquake by providing additional stiffness and absorbing of greater amount of energy. Free Infill Panel Approach : Provides a full separation joint between the masonry and the frame at the ends and the top. Out of plane failure dealt with either the reinforced masonry to act as vertical cantilever or by providing basket reinforcement.

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

DESIGNING OF MASONRY INFILLED FRAME

Lateral restraint details to a free infill panel

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

DESIGNING OF MASONRY INFILLED FRAME

Basketing Reinforcement (the arrows indicating the direction of restraint provided at the frame wall junction

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

IMPROVEMENT OF SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR

The building should not have re-entrant corners. The building should not be slender in plan. The bricks must be stronger than mortar with compressive strength greater than 35 N/mm2 and very less porosity. Good interlocking of masonry courses should be ensured at the junctions. For a single storey construction, the wall thickness should not be less than one brick and not less than one and a half bricks for buildings upto three storeys. Horizontal reinforcement should be provided in walls to strengthen them against horizontal in plane bending. Horizontal bands should be provided at various levels.
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

IMPROVEMENT OF SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR

Steel dowel bars may be used at corners and T junctions to integrate the box action of the walls. Vertical reinforcing bars should be provided at the corners and the junctions of the walls to counter the tension produced in these locations. The amount of steel required will depend upon number of storeys, storeys height, effective seismic coefficient, importance of the building and soil type. The size of the openings should be kept small so that the resistance offered is not reduced and the openings should not be eccentrically located in order to reduce the torsional moment. Shear reinforcement should be provided in walls to ensure their ductile behaviour. Stiff, strong and continuous footing should be used for the foundations.
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

IMPROVEMENT OF SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR

The staircase should be completely separated from the building, otherwise it will act as a cross brace between different floors, thus transferring large horizontal forces at the roof and lower levels.

Damage in a building with a rigidly built in staircase

Building with separated staircase

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

LOAD COMBINATIONS
The adequacy of the masonry structure and its members is investigated for the following load combinations : DL + IL DL + IL + WL DL + WL 0.9 DL + EL
where DL Dead load IL Imposed load EL Earthquake load WL Wind load

Permissible stresses may be increased by one third when wind or earthquake forces are considered along with normal loads.
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

Seismic design provisions contained in IS 4326 : 1993. Small sized buildings of upto three storeys designed as per requirements of IS 4326 : 1993. Other important buildings and those located in seismic zone IV and V should be designed for forces listed in IS 1893 (Part I) and provisions of IS 1905.

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

TYPE OF SHEAR WALLS

Ordinary unreinforced masonry shear wall : They have poor elastic response and used only in low seismic regions (zone II)and for buildings of minor importance. Response reduction factor of 1.5 used. Detailed unreinforced masonry shear wall : These walls are designed as unreinforced masonry but contain minimum reinforcement in horizontal and vertical direction. Used for low to moderate seismic risk zones (zone II and III). Ordinary reinforced masonry shear wall : These walls follow the same steel requirements as that of a detailed unreinforced masonry shear wall. Recommended in zones IV and V with a response reduction factor of 3.0. Special reinforced masonry shear wall : These walls are meant to meet the seismic demands of zones IV and V with a response reduction factor of 4.0.
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

SEISMIC DESIGN OF MASONRY BUILDINGS

Lateral loads are determined. Base shear is calculated and distributed vertically to different floor levels. For rigid diaphragms, the storey shear is distributed to the vertical resisting elements in direct proportion to their relative rigidities. For flexible diaphragm, the exterior vertical resisting elements share half the shear of that shared by the interior ones. The masonry shear walls are assumed to behave as a cantilever.

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

SEISMIC DESIGN OF MASONRY BUILDINGS

Deflection of the wall pier c = P 4h3 + 3h Emt d3 d

Rigidity of cantilever pier

Rc = 1/ c where P is the lateral force on the pier wall Em is the modulus of elasticity of masonry in compression h is the height of the pier d is the width of the pier panel t is the thickness of the pier
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

SEISMIC DESIGN OF MASONRY BUILDINGS

For a wall or pier fixed at the top and bottom Deflection f = P h3 + 3h Emt d3 d Rigidity Rf = 1/ f If masonry shear wall segments are combined horizontally, the combined rigidity is Rc = Rc1 + Rc2 + Rc3 + .... For combining the rigidities of segments vertically, the combined rigidity is 1 1 1 1 . + + = Rc Rc1 Rc2 Rc3
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

SEISMIC DESIGN OF MASONRY BUILDINGS

For calculating the rigidity of walls with openings The deflection of the solid wall as a cantilever is calculated as, say, so. An opening having a height equal to that of the largest opening is selected . The deflection of this strip of the wall is calculated as, say, st. Deflection of piers numbered 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 is calculated.

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

SEISMIC DESIGN OF MASONRY BUILDINGS

Total deflection of the shear wall is = so + p st Rigidity R=1/ The direct shear force in the wall, say I, is given as Ri Px/y, where Px/y is the lateral force applied at the top of the pier and Ri is the relative stiffness of wall given by

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

SEISMIC DESIGN OF MASONRY BUILDINGS

The torsional shears are given by

where and are the torsional shears due to seismic forces along the y and x axis of the building Ry and Rx are the relative rigidity of each wall along y and x axis ey and ex are the respective eccentricities between the centre of mass and centre of rigidity J is the relative rotational stiffness of all the walls in the storey under consideration
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

SEISMIC DESIGN OF MASONRY BUILDINGS

Horizontal bands of reinforcement are provided at critical levels to strengthen the building. These bands can be made of reinforced brick work in cement mortar not leaner than 1:3. Lateral forces from winds or earthquakes should be studied carefully. Shear walls have to be checked for in plane bending and the transverse or flexural walls are checked for out of plane forces along with gravity loads.

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

RESTORATION & STRENGTHNING

Some methods adopted for the restoration and strengthening of masonry structures are discussed below

Grouting : For cracks of width less than 6 mm, the original tensile strength of the cracked element may be restored by pressure injection of epoxy or cement mortar, known as grouting. Guniting : It is a building material consisting of a mixture of cement, sand, and water that is sprayed onto a mould. The gunite is placed pneumatically on the surface of masonry in the form of a slab and may be an expansive cement mortar, quick setting cement mortar or gypsum cement mortar. Also applicable for cracks wider than 6 mm. where necessary, additional shear reinforcement may be provided in the gunite slab and covered with mortar.
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

RESTORATION & STRENGTHNING

Prestressing : This is a technique by which internal stresses of suitable magnitude and distribution are introduced so that the stresses resulting from external loads are counter acted to a desired degree. This method increases the shear strength of the walls and connections of orthogonal walls.

Strengthening of walls by prestressing

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

RESTORATION & STRENGTHNING

External binding : Opposite parallel walls can be held to internal cross walls by pre-stressing bars. Anchoring is done against horizontal steel channels instead of steel plates which run from one cross wall to the other. These steel channels hold the walls together and improve the integral box like action of the walls.

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

RESTORATION & STRENGTHNING

Inserting New Wall : if any existing building shows any type of dissymmetry, which may produce dangerous torsional effects during earthquakes, the centre of mass should be made coincident with the centre of stiffness. This can be achieved by separating parts of the building, making each unit symmetric or by inserting new vertical resisting elements.

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

THANK YOU

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus