Problem Concept

Learning Outcomes
Apply selection control structure (simple selection,
multiple selection, and nested selection)

in algorithms

Apply case construct in pseudocode

Recognize algorithms using variations of selection

control structure
Understand the basic concept of function Construct a program with self-defined function.
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Introduction
Define the following:
Decision Making

Subject One or more Outcomes

Selection Control Structure

IF-ELSE Selection
Switch Case Selection

Selection Control Structure

You can use the selection control structure in pseudocode to

illustrate a choice between two or more actions, depending on whether a condition is true or false
The condition in the IF statement is based on a comparison of

two items, and is usually expressed with one of the following relational operators:
< less than == equality >= greater than or equal to && AND ! NOT > greater than <= less than or equal to != not equal to || OR
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Lets start from scratch

Let say were talking about where to have our drinks

after lecture We could write something like this, IF Im Rich THEN Go to Starbucks ELSE Go to roadside mamak stalls ENDIF
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Keywords

(6 Basic Computer Operations)

Condition

IF Im Rich THEN Outcome(s) Go to Starbucks ELSE Go to roadside mamak stalls ENDIF

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IF money >= 1000000 THEN Display Millionaire!! ELSE Display Pooooor Guy ENDIF
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IF status == Y THEN Display Yes!! ELSE Display No!! ENDIF

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Wait wait
Whats the difference between = and == ?
= Assignment Operator == Comparison Operator

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Five types of IF-ELSE Selection

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5 IF-ELSE Selections
1.
2. 3. 4. 5.

Simple Selection Simple Selection (with null ELSE) Combine Selection (AND, OR) NOT Selection Nested Selection
Linear (IF followed by ELSE) Non-linear (Mixed e.g. IF followed by another IF)

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1. Simple Selection (Simple IF Statement)

Simple selection occurs when a choice is made between

two alternate paths, depending on the result of a condition being true or false
The structure is represented in pseudocode using the

keywords IF, THEN, ELSE, and ENDIF

Only one of the THEN or ELSE paths will be followed,

depending on the result of the condition in the IF clause

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2. Simple Selection with Null False Branch (Null ELSE Statement)

The null ELSE structure is a variation of the simple IF

structure
It is used when a task is performed only when a

particular condition is true

If the condition is false, then no processing will take

place and the IF statement will be bypassed

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3. Combined Selection (Combined IF Statement)

A combined IF statement is one that contains multiple

conditions, each connected with the logical operators AND or OR

If the connector AND is used to combine the conditions,

then both conditions must be true for the combined condition to be true
If the connector OR is used to combine any two conditions,

then only one of the conditions needs to be true for the combined condition to be considered true
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4. The NOT Operator

The NOT operator can be used for the logical negation of a

condition, as follows:
IF NOT (record_code = 23) THEN update customer record ENDIF

Note that the AND and OR operators can also be used with

the NOT operator, but great care must be taken and parentheses should be used to avoid ambiguity as illustrated on page 38 of the textbook

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5. Nested Selection (Nested IF Statement)

Nested selection occurs when the word IF appears more

than once within an IF statement

Nested IF statements can be classified as

A.

Linear non-linear

B.

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5 (A). Linear Nested IF Statements

The linear nested IF statement is used when a field is

being tested for various values and a different action is to be taken for each value
This form of nested IF is called linear, because each ELSE

immediately follows the IF condition to which it corresponds

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5 (B). Non-Linear Nested IF Statements

A non-linear nested IF occurs when a number of different

conditions need to be satisfied before a particular action can occur

It is termed non-linear because the ELSE statement may be

separated from the IF statement with which it is paired

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Linear Nested IF
IF marks >= 80 THEN Display Grade is A ELSE IF marks >= 75 THEN Display Grade is A- ELSE IF marks >= 70 THEN Display Grade is B+ ENDIF ENDIF ENDIF

Simple Selection

2
1

Simple Selection

Simple Selection with null ELSE

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Non-Linear Nested IF
IF marks >= 40 THEN IF marks >= 75 THEN IF marks >= 80 THEN Display Grade is A ELSE Display Grade is A- ENDIF ELSE Display Grade is B+ or less ENDIF ENDIF

Simple Selection

2
3

Simple Selection

Simple Selection with null ELSE

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Something to know first

Limitations
Variable limited to int and char Value checked valid for singled-value instead of

ranged-value.

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The Case Structure

The case control structure in pseudocode is another way of

expressing a linear nested IF statement

It is used in pseudocode for two reasons: it can be directly

translated into many high-level languages, and it makes the pseudocode easier to write and understand
Nested IFs often look cumbersome in pseudocode and

depend on correct structure and indentation for readability

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How do we write?
CASEOF number 1: Display Number 1 2: Display Number 2 other: Display Other than 1 and 2 ENDCASE

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How do we write? (cont.)

CASEOF gender M: Display Male F: Display Female other: Display Huh?? ENDCASE

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Extra Question 1
Kuala Lumpur sometimes has very hazy conditions, and raise health concern among the residence. A pollutant hazard index has been developed. If the index rises above 100, the air is listed as unhealthful. If the index rises above 200, a firststage haze alert is issued and certain activities are restricted. If an index goes over 275, a second-stage alert is called and more severe restrictions apply. Write a program that takes an input the daily hazard index and identifies the alert situation.

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Extra Question 2
Write a program that reads an employees number, hours worked, and hourly rate and calculates his or her wages. All hours over 40 are paid at 1.5 times the regular hourly rate.

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Extra Question 3
Design a solution print a letter grade given and examination score.
Grades and marks A 4-point grading system is adopted:

Grade A AB+ B BC+ C D F

Marks Range 80 -100 75 -79 70 -74 65 -69 60 -64 55 -59 50 -54 40 -49 0 -39

Grade Point 4.00 3.70 3.30 3.00 2.70 2.30 2.00 1.00 0.00

Description Excellent Excellent Very Good Good Good Satisfactory Pass Passing Fail

Extra Question 4
Design a solution to calculate the water bill given the cubic meter of water used for PUAS Water Company, which charges the homeowner one of the following:

A. A flat rate of RM10.00 for usage up to and including 100 cubic meter.
B. $0.20 per cubic meter for usage over 100 cubic meter and up to and including 200 cubic meter. C. $0.35 per cubic meter for usage over 200 cubic meter

Extra Question 5
A customer needs a specific amount of paper. The charges on the paper are RM0.10 for single sheets, RM0.07 for amounts in multiples of 100 sheets, RM0.05 in multiples of 500 sheets, and RM0.03 in multiples of 1000 sheets.
Develop a solution to calculate the type and number of package(s) for the least amount of money the customer should buy. given the minimum amount of sheets the customer needs.
For example, if the customer needs 380 sheets, the amount she would pay when buying in multiples of 100 would be RM28.00. However if the customer bought 500 sheets the cost would be RM25.00. It would be cost effective for the customer to buy a package of 500 sheets.

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Extra Question 6
A hotel has a pricing policy as follows:
a. b. c. d. 2 people: RM85 3 people: RM90 4 people: RM95 Additional people: RM25 per person

If the customer is staying on company business, there is a 20% discount. If the customer is over 60 years of age, there is a 15% discount. A customer does not receive both discounts. Given the above data, print the cost of the room.
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Defining function
A function have 2 main components
1.Function header(function declaration) 2.Function body (functions program codes)

General structure for function definition:

1. return data type function name (arguments) 2. { functions program codes return expression }

Function definition
1.Function header
return data type

data type of the value that is returned by the function to the program which called the function
function name

the name given to this function

Arguments (data_type arg1 , data_type2 arg2)

the data needed by the function to perform its task, arguments are separate by commas, if no arguments are needed, empty parentheses is used.

Function definition
2.Function body
The body contain all the program codes that specifies

the action to be taken by the function return statement

to return a value to the portion of program which called the function. If no value are to be return, expression is omitted (return ; or return 0;)

Function definition (example)

int

add (int number1 , int number 2) int total = 0; total = number1 + number2; return (total);

} In the above example, it is a simple function named add. The add function will receive 2 integer type data (arguments) from the program, it will add them up and pass the integer data total (return data type is int) back to the program which called the function using the return statement.

Accessing a function
A function can be accessed (called) by specifying its name,

follow by list of arguments enclosed in parentheses and separated by commas, if the function call does not required arguments, empty parentheses is used.
If the function return a value, the function access is often

written as an assignment statement:

variable name = function name (arguments);

If the function does not return anything. The function

access appears by itself:

function name (arguments);

Accessing a function (example)

In the previous example, we created an add function that

add two numbers, since this function is going to return an integer value (total), in order to access the function, following codes are needed: total = add (number1, number2);

Basic Program Structure

Preprocessor Commands Global Declaration
int { } main (void) Local Declaration Statements

Basic Program Structure

Preprocessor Command Come at the beginning of the program. All commands start with a pound sign (#) Tells the compiler to include the library needed by the program Library contains a lot of predefined function that can help us to perform tasks #include <stdio.h> (used to include the standard input/output library file so that we can use printf and scanf function)

Basic Program Structure

Global declaration Variables declare at this section is visible to all parts of the programs. Local declaration Variables that declare in a certain function. Visible only to the function contain them.
Statement The actions to be performed by the function.

Basic Program Structure (example)

#include <stdio.h> int main (void) { int total = 0; number1 = 0; number2 = 0; printf(\nPlease enter first number \n>); scanf(%d,&number1); printf(\nPlease enter second number \n>); scanf(%d,&number2); total = number1 + number2; printf(the total is : %d,total); return 0; }

Program Structure(with Self-defined function)

Preprocessor Commands Function Prototypes Global Declaration
int { main (void) Local Declaration Statements

}
Self-defined function

Program Structure(with Self-defined function)

Normally when we use functions in a program, we will follow the

top-down approach where the additional function (programmer defined functions) are written after the main function.
Since the compiler will compile the codes starting from the

upmost line until the bottom, we need to tell the compiler, what are the functions included in the program beside the main function, and this can be done by using function prototype.

Function prototypes
Function prototypes are line of codes use to inform the compiler

regarding the additional functions beside main function. return data type
return data type

function name (argument );

data type of the value that is returned by the function function name Name of the function argument Arguments that are required by the functions

Function prototypes (example)

The function prototype looks similar to the function

definition but ends with a semicolon.

In our previous example we have created an add function,

following is the function prototype for the add function:

int add (int number1 , int number2);

Program Structure (example)

#include <stdio.h> int add (int number1, int number2); // function prototype int main (void) { int total = 0; number1 = 0; number2 = 0; printf(\nPlease enter first number \n>); scanf(%d,&number1); printf(\nPlease enter second number \n>); scanf(%d,&number2);

total = add (number1, number2); printf(the total is : %d,total); return 0;

}

Program Structure (example continued)

int add (int number1 , int number 2) { int total = 0; total = number1 + number2; return (total); }

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Summary
This chapter covered the selection control structure in

detail
Descriptions and pseudocode examples were given for

simple selection, null ELSE, combined IF, and nested IF statements

The case structure was introduced as a means of

expressing a linear nested IF statement in a simpler and more concise form

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