OSI Reference Model

V1.0 Data Customer Service Dept.

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Course Objectives
Grasp the basic knowledge of network Understand network evolution history and classification of network Know standardization organizations in data communication field Grasp OSI model and each layers function Grasp the function of different kind of network devices and its position

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Course Outline
Chapter I Network Overview

Chapter II OSI Reference Model

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Course Contents
Chapter I Network Overview
Section 1 Definition and Evolution History of Network
Section 2 Classification of Network Section 3 Network Topology Section 4 International Standardization Organizations

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Definition of Network

Internal Use Only

Computer network refers to interconnect the separately distributed computers and external communication lines to form a system for easy info exchanging and resource sharing among multiple pieces of computers.

Server

SOHO

IP Hotel

Mobile

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Network Evolution History

Internal Use Only

Phase 1

50s 60s

Phase 270s

80s

Phase 4

80s till now

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Course Contents
Chapter I Network Overview
Section 1 Definition and Evolution History of Network
Section 2 Classification of Network Section 3 Network Topology Section 4 International Standardization Organizations

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Classification of Network

Internal Use Only

Local Area Network (LAN)

Metro Area Network (MAN)

Wide Area Network (WAN)

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LAN
LAN

Internal Use Only

usually covers an area of several kilometers and integrated

several independent data devices to enable users to share network resources.

Features:

short distance, low latency, high data-transmitting rate

and reliable transmission.

The infrastructures of LAN include servers, clients, network

equipments and communication media.

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MAN

Internal Use Only

MAN usually covers an area of several kilometers to

hundreds of kilometers

Data transmission rate ranged from several Kbit/s to several

Gbit/s

Optical fiber is the best transmission media of MAN

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WAN

Internal Use Only

WAN is mainly used to connect LANs, and provide data communication within wide areas.

WAN covers an area of hundreds to thousands of kilometers.

Classification of WAN: ISDN DDN X.25 packet switching network Frame Relay ATM

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Course Contents
Chapter I Network Overview
Section 1 Definition and Evolution History of Network
Section 2 Classification of Network Section 3 Network Topology Section 4 International Standardization Organizations

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Network Topology

Internal Use Only

Star Topology

Bus Topology

Tree Topology

Ring Topology

Distributed Topology

Hybrid Topology

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Course Contents
Chapter I Network Overview
Section 1 Definition and Evolution History of Network
Section 2 Classification of Network Section 3 Network Topology Section 4 International Standardization Organizations

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Standardization Organizations

Internal Use Only

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International Telecommunications Union (ITU)

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IEEE) American National Standard Institute (ANSI)

Electronic Industries Association/ Telecommunication Industry Association (EIA / TIA)

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

Internet Architecture Board (IAB)

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)

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Course Contents
Chapter II OSI Reference Model
Section 1 OSI Model Overview Section 2 Physical Layer Section 3 Data-link Layer Section 4 Network Layer Section 5 Transport Layer Section 5 Session/Presentation/Application Layer

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OSI Reference Model Overview

Internal Use Only

OSI RMOpen System Interconnection Reference Model

Application Layer

Data Transmission between Hosts

Presentation Layer

Session Layer Transport Layer

Data Transmission between Networks

Network Layer Data-link Layer Physical Layer

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Functions of Each Layer

7 Provide communication between application programs Process data format and encryption Application Layer 6 Presentation Layer 5

Internal Use Only

Establish, maintain and manage sessions Session Layer

Establish end-to-end connection

Addressing and routing Provide media access and link management Bit stream transmission

Transport Layer Network Layer Data-link Layer Physical Layer

4
3 2 1

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Relationship between Each Layer of OSI Model Internal Use Only

APDU Application Layer

Application Layer PPDU Presentation Layer

SPDU Segment Packet Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Frame Data-link Layer Bits Physical Layer

Presentation Layer
Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Data-link Layer

Physical Layer

Only peer layers with same protocol are able to communicate.

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Data Encapsulation
Application Layer
Presentation Layer Upper Layer Data Session Layer Transport Layer

Internal Use Only

PDU

Segment

TCP Header

Upper Layer Data

IP Header

Upper Layer Data

Network Layer

Packet

LLC Header

Upper Layer Data

FCS

Data-link Layer

Frame

MAC Header

Upper Layer Data

FCS Physical Layer Bits

0101110101001000010

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Data De-encapsulation
Application Layer
Presentation Layer

Internal Use Only

Session Layer

Upper Layer Data

Transport Layer
Upper Layer Data Network Layer

TCP+ Upper Layer Data

IP + TCP + Upper Layer Data Data-link Layer LLC Hdr + IP + TCP + Upper Layer Data

Physical Layer

0101110101001000010

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Study Contents
Chapter II OSI Reference Model
Section 1 OSI Model Overview Section 2 Physical Layer Section 3 Data-link Layer Section 4 Network Layer Section 5 Transport Layer Section 5 Session/Presentation/Application Layer

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Physical Layer
Physical Layer is the first and bottom layer of OSI Reference Model.

Internal Use Only

Physical Layer mainly provides bit stream transmission.

Moves bits between devices Physical Layer Specified voltage, rate and pin-out cables

EIA/TIA-232 V.35

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Function of Physical Layer

Physical Layer also defines:
Media

Internal Use Only

Type Type

Connector

Signal

Type
Ethernet EIA/TIA-232

Physical Layer

802.3

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V.35

Ethernet/802.3

Internal Use Only

10Base2Ethernet thin-wire 10Base5Ethernet thick-wire

Host HUB
10BaseTTP

Host

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HUB

Internal Use Only

HUB works on Physical Layer

The work stations connected via HUB are physically Star

Topology but Bus Topology logically. All devices are in one Collision Domain The more terminals, the more collisions All devices share the bandwidth

Collision Domainan assembling of all the workstations on the

same cable or of all the nodes on the same physical segment or a group of nodes contending the same bandwidth.

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Study Contents
Chapter II OSI Reference Model
Section 1 OSI Model Overview Section 2 Physical Layer Section 3 Data-link Layer Section 4 Network Layer Section 5 Transport Layer Section 5 Session/Presentation/Application Layer

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Data-link Layer

Internal Use Only

Data-link Layer is the second layer of OSI Reference Model

Mainly responsible to precisely transmit the data packet to Network Layer of destination host.

Data-link Layer

Combines packets into bytes and bytes to frames Provides access to media using MAC address Performs error detection not correction Moves bits between devices Specified voltage, rate and pin-out cables

802.3 / 802.2 HDLC

Physical Layer

EIA/TIA-232 V.35

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Function of Data-link Layer

Data-link Layer defines:

Internal Use Only

Physical source and destination addresses SAP (service access point) to upper layer protocols
Data-link data-

Associate

Define network topology Control of frame order Flow Control

802.2

FR

802.3

Physical
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EIA/TIA-232 v.35

MAC Address

Internal Use Only

# Bytes

6
Destination address

Preamble

6 Source address

2
Length

Variable Length
Data

4
FCS

00.d0.d0
The manufacturer code assigned by IEEE

xx.xx.xx
Distributed by manufacturer

Ethernet II uses Type in this field.

MAC address
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Switch/Bridge

Internal Use Only

Layer 2 Switch and Bridge work on Data-link Layer

Each

network segment connected to each port is an individual Collision Domain

All

network segments are in one Broadcast Domain

Broadcast Domainassembly of nodes that receive same broadcast message, able to be classified into one logical network segment with other broadcast nodes.

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Collision Domain and Broadcast Domain

Internal Use Only

HUB

Bridge

Switch

Router

Number of Collision Domain: Number of Broadcast Domain:

1
1

4
1

4
1

4
4

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Study Contents
Chapter II OSI Reference Model
Section 1 OSI Model Overview Section 2 Physical Layer Section 3 Data-link Layer Section 4 Network Layer Section 5 Transport Layer Section 5 Session/Presentation/Application Layer

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Network Layer

Internal Use Only

Network Layer

Provides logic addressing which routers use for path determination

Combines packets into bytes and bytes to frames Provides access to media using MAC address Performs error detection not correction

IP IPX

Data-link Layer

802.3 / 802.2 HDLC

Physical Layer

Moves bits between devices Specifies voltage, rate and pin-out cables

EIA/TIA-232 V.35

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Functions of Network Layer

Internal Use Only

Defines Logical Address

Addressing

Network Layer

IP, IPX

and
Data-link Layer

Routing

802.2 HDLC

FR

Physical Layer

802.3

EIA/TIA-232 v.35

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Logical Address(1)

Internal Use Only

Network Layer address is globally unique, constituted by two parts: Network address and Host address.
Network address Host address 8.2.48

IP address

10.

IPX address

Network address

Host address 0000.0c00.6e25

1aceb0b1.

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Logical Address(2)
Mask

Internal Use Only

Address

172.16.122.204 255.255.0.0 172

Binary Address

16 00010000 255 11111111

122 01111010 0 00000000

204 11001100 0 00000000

10101100 255

Binary Mask

11111111

Network

Host

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Router
Functions:

Internal Use Only

Logical routing Select best routing path Broadcast control Multicast Control Flow Control Connected to WAN

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Course Contents
Chapter II OSI Reference Model
Section 1 OSI Model Overview Section 2 Physical Layer Section 3 Data-link Layer Section 4 Network Layer Section 5 Transport Layer Section 5 Session/Presentation/Application Layer

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Transport Layer

Internal Use Only

Transport Layer

Provides reliable or unreliable delivery Performs error correction before retransmit Provides logical addressing, which routers use for path determination
Combines packets into bytes and bytes into frames Provides access to media using MAC address Performs error detection not correction

TCP UDP SPX IP IPX

Network Layer

Data-link Layer

802.3 / 802.2 HDLC

Physical Layer

Moves bits between devices Specifies voltage, rate, and pin-out cables

EIA/TIA-232 V.35

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Function of Transport Layer

Functions:

Internal Use Only

Segment Upper Layer Data Establish end-to-end connection between application programs Flow control

Connection-oriented and connectionless Communication

Transport Layer

TCP

UDP

SPX

Network Layer

IP

IPX

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Connection-oriented Session

Internal Use Only

Sender

Receiver

Synchronizing Acknowledgement, Synchronizing Acknowledgement

Connection Established
Data Transmission

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Course Contents
Chapter II OSI Reference Model
Section 1 OSI Model Overview Section 2 Physical Layer Section 3 Data-link Layer Section 4 Network Layer Section 5 Transport Layer Section 5 Session/Presentation/Application Layer

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Session Layer

Internal Use Only

Session Layer

Keeps different applications data separate Provides reliable or unreliable delivery Performs error correction before retransmit

Transport Layer

Network Layer

Provides logical addressing, which routers use for path determination

Data-link Layer

Combines packets into bytes and bytes into frames Provides access to media using MAC address Performs error detection not correction
Moves bits between devices Specifies voltage, rate, and pin-out cables

Physical Layer

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Presentation Layer
Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Presents data Handles processing such as encryption Keeps different applications data separate Provides reliable or unreliable delivery Performs error correction before retransmit Provides logical addressing, which routers use for path determination

Internal Use Only

Data-link Layer

Combines packets into bytes and bytes into frames Provides access to media using MAC address Performs error detection not correction Moves bits between devices Specifies voltage, rate, and pin-out cables

Physical Layer

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Application Layers
Application Layer Presentation Layer Provides a user interface Presents data Handles processing such as encryption

Internal Use Only

Session Layer
Transport Layer Network Layer Data-link Layer

Keeps different applications data separate

Provides reliable or unreliable delivery Performs error correction before retransmit Provides logical addressing, which routers use for path determination Combines packets into bytes and bytes into frames Provides access to media using MAC address Performs error detection not correction Moves bits between devices Specifies voltage, wire speed, and pin-out cables

Physical Layer

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Summary

Internal Use Only

Definition of Network

Network Evolution History

Classification of Networks Network Topology

Standardization Organizations in Data Communication Field

OSI Model and Functions of Each Layer Common Network Devices

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