Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Brain volume 1400ml-1500ml (80%) Blood volume 150ml (10%) CSF volume 150ml (10%)
According to MONRO-KELLIE HYPOTHESIS : Intracranial vault is an enclosed space. When the volume of any of these components increases, one or both of the other components must decrease proportionally or there will be an increase in ICP.
Intracranial pressure (ICP) is the pressure that is produce by the three component in the intracranial vault. Normal ICP is less than15mmHg Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is a pressure at which the brain tissue is perfuse and is used to estimate an adequacy of cerebral blood flow. CPP = MAP ICP. MAP = SBP+2DBP/3 Normal CPP is 60- 100mmHg. If CPP less than 60mmHg will cause hypoperfusion and cerebral ischemia. If CPP more than 150mmHg will disrupt the blood brain barrier and cause hyperperfusion and potential for cerebral edema.
Brain matter
Cerebral oedema due to trauma, meningitis Space occupying lesion, eg. Tumour/ hematoma, arteriovenous malformation
Cerebrospinal fluid
Hydrocephalus due to obstruction or reduced absorption .
Impaired cerebral
Cerebral ischemia
Cerebral oedema
1. Compromised cerebral blood flow 2. Worsening cerebral insult and ischemia (irreversible if prolonged) 3. Compensatory hypertension worsening cerebral hemorrhage 4. Conning (brain matter push out from foramen magnum 5. Death
Symptom :
Headache Vomting Photophobia Decrease or absent of reflexes e.g cough gag, corneal reflex.
Sign :
Neck stiffness Reduced GCS Focal neurology Papilooedema Cushings sign :increase SBP, widened pulse pressure, bradycardia, temp: hyperthermia, ICP >15mmHg, respiration: cheyne stokes ( tachypnoea slowly apnea)
Cerebral resuscitation also known as cerebral protection. Cerebral resuscitation are measures taken to maintain a normal ICP of 5-15mmHg and as well protect the brain from secondary brain injury. Secondary brain injuries that occur after initial injury example as a result of hypoxemia/ hypovolemia/ hypotension, hypocapnia/ hypercapnia, hyperthermia, hypoglycemia, cerebral edema or cerebral ischemia. This is to protect the brain from getting further insult and rise to further neurological deficit.
4. Suctioning.
Suctioning only when needed. To Prevent Isometric Exercise - eg: give IV Fentanyl before suctioning or any procedure Limit each suction episode to <10sec. Limit the number of catheter pass to a minimum. Hyperoxgenation the patient with 100% O2 before, during and after suctioning. Rationale; to prevent hypoxemia that can lead increase ICP.
7. Prevent seizures.
Administer anticonvulsant therapy to decreased the cerebral metabolism. -Prophylactic anticonvulsant e.g. IV Phenytoin. Calcium Antagonist ( Nimodipime ) - for subarachnoid haemorrhage to reduce cerebral spasm Treatment Of Epilepsy eg. Diazepam or Phenytoin - control seizures to reduce cerebral metabolic rate Steroids eg. Dexamethasone - for brain tumour - reduce cerebral oedema
8. Maintain normothermia
monitor body temperature as required; 4hourly Administer antipyretic if temperature >37.5 C. Tepid sponging if temperature>38 C Avoid shivering rewarming blanket if temp. <35 C. Rationale : for every 1 C in body temp. increase, the CBF increase 5% to 6% and will increase ICP
Keep CVP 7-10mmhg Monitor intake and output chart accurately Administer isotonic fluid for infusion Avoid D5% as it will increase risk of cerebral edema. Administer blood and blood product if there significant blood loss/ hemorrhage.
Sedation to reduce anxiety iv midazolam or propofol Keep GCS 2+T/15, Rikers sedation -3 for 2448hours for cerebral resuscitation. Analgesia to reduce pain e.g. morphine but IV fentanyl is the best choice if patient is hemodynamicaly unstable. Rationale; anxiety, restlessness and pain will increase metabolic demand and increase ICP
About 20% neuro patient experience vasospasm its narrowing of blood vessels response to irritation from blood accumulating in the subarachnoid space. This makes it harder for nutrient and O2 to reach the rest of the brain and if vasospasm persistent, it can result in another strokes. This condition can be treated with Hypertension, Hypervolemic, Hemodilution therapy commonly known as Triple H. Triple H therapy is combines with intravenous medication and large volume of intravenous fluids to elevate the BP, increase blood volume and thin the blood, driving blood flow through and around affected vessels esp. in the cerebral.
The fluids is used to achieve volume expansion which is increase the volume status may increases cardiac output, when the Bp is increase thereby increasing cerebral blood flow in the ischemic areas. Patient hydration must be achieve and maintain.
Hypertension is achieved simply with volume expansion when patient enough hydration, but vasoactive drug eg. Dopamine/ Noradrenaline may use to maintain a desire level of hypertension to keep MAP >90 or SBP 140160mmHg. So that increase of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) can be achieve.
Hemodilution is the most controversial component of triple H. In hemodilution, must achieve a hematocrit of 30-35% , because is believe to be a reasonable to compromise between O2 carrying capacity. This treatment is maintance the high circulating blood volume and increase perfusion pressure and decrease blood viscosity in the cerebral.
REFERENCE
1. 2. 3. 4. Dennison R>D 2007. PASS CCRN, third edition chapter 7 : the neurologic system and disorder. by Elsiever Mosby. Dessmon YH Tai Thomas WK Lew and Loo Shi. Bedside ICU Handbook 2nd edition. (2007) Susan F. Wilson, RN, PhD, AORN, FND and Jean Foret Giddens, RN, PhD, AORN, FND. Health Assesment for Nursing Practice and Protocol third edition (2009.) www.medscape.Com/viewarticle/553110_2 : current and future medical theapies for cerebral resuscitation.-Neurosurgery focus 2006 by J. Mocco,MD,Brad E. Zacharia, BS, Ricardo J. Komator, MD, E. Sander Connoly Jr., MD allnurses nurses.com//triple-h-therapy-348846 : Triple H therapy neuro Intensive Care.
5.