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CIS 81 Networking Fundamentals Rick Graziani Cabrillo College graziani@cabrillo.edu Fall 2011
This Presentation
For a copy of this presentation and access to my web site for other CCNA, CCNP, and Wireless resources please email me for a username and password. Email: graziani@cabrillo.edu Web Site: www.cabrillo.edu/~rgraziani
NOTE
Overview only! Quick look! More detail throughout the semester! Dont worry about knowing this right now!
Elements of Communication
I have to wait
Single communications (e.g. video, e-mail message) could be: Continuous stream of bits Take over (hog) the network. Significant delays Inefficient use Any loss - resend entire message
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Benefits Reliability (3) Different paths Alternate path Only the missing segments need to be retransmitted
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Disadvantage of Segmentation
Disadvantage added level of complexity. Analogy: 100 page letter one page at a time Separate envelopes Sequencing
Devices (hardware) End devices, switch, router, firewall, hub Media (wired, wireless) Cables, wireless mediums Services (software) Network applications, routing protocols, processes, algorithms
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End devices
Client Server
A host Client, Server, or both. Software determines the role. Servers provide information and services to clients e-mail or web pages Clients request information from the server.
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Intermediary Devices
switch or hub
routers
switch or hub
Intermediary devices: Connectivity to and between networks Examples (4): Network Access Devices (Hubs, switches, and wireless access points) Internetworking Devices (routers) Communication Servers and Modems Security Devices (firewalls)
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Network Media
Network media: The medium over which the message travels. Metallic wires - electrical impulses. Fiber optics pulses of light Wireless electromagnetic waves.
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Network Media
Different media considerations (4): Distance it will carry signal Environment it works in Bandwidth (speed) Cost
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Local Area Network (LAN) An individual network usually spans a single geographical area, providing services and applications to people within a common organizational structure, such as a single business, campus or region.
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Wide Area Networks (WANs) Leased connections through a telecommunications service provider network. Networks that connect LANs in geographically separated locations Telecommunications service provider (TSP) interconnect the LANs at the different locations. Voice and data on separate networks or converged networks
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ISPs (Internet Service Providers) Often also TSPs Connect their customers to the Internet. The Internet ISPs connected to other ISPs
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Network Representations
Network Interface Card (NIC) Ports and interfaces (used interchangeably) Physical Port Interface - Connect to individual networks.
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Protocols
Protocol
Protocol Rules that govern communications. Protocol suite - A group of inter-related protocols Example: TCP/IP
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Frame Header
IP Header
Frame Trailer
Frame Header
IP Header
Frame Trailer
Encapsulation Process of adding a header to the data or any previous set of headers. Decapsulation Process of removing a header.
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209.67.102.55
107.16.4.21
Frame Header
IP Header
Frame Trailer
209.67.102.55 107.16.4.21
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Protocols
Networking protocols suites include rules for: (4) Format Accessing the media Error detection Setup and termination
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Early days proprietary network equipment and protocols. Now Industry standards Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Examples: 802.3 (Ethernet), 802.11 (WLAN) Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Internet standards RFCs (Request for Comments) Example: TCP, IP, HTTP, FTP
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Interaction of Protocols
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Protocol that governs interaction between web server and a web client.
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Interaction of Protocols
segment
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Responsible for controlling the information exchanged between the server and the client: Size of data Flow control Reliability
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packet
Internetwork Protocol (IP) Assigns the appropriate source and destination addresses, Original source address of host Final destination address of host Used by routers in selecting the best path
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Interaction of Protocols
frame
Network access protocols (Data link and Physical layer protocols) Format and physical transmission of data on the media.
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Technology-Independent Protocols
Frame Header IP Header TCP Header HTTP Header Frame Trailer
IP Packet IP Packet
Ethernet T1, DS3, OC3 PPP, HDLC Frame Relay, ATM ISDN, POTS Ethernet
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Layered Model
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Using a layered model: Fosters competition Prevents changes in one layer from affecting other layers above and below. Provides a common language to describe networking functions and capabilities.
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The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is the most widely known internetwork reference model. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) released the OSI reference model in 1984, was the descriptive scheme they created.
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TCP/IP Model
Data
Encapsulation Process of adding control information as it passes down through the layered model.
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Data
Decapsulation Process of removing control information as it passes upwards through the layered model.
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Protocol Data Unit (PDU) - The form that a piece of data takes at any layer. PDUs are named according to the protocols of the TCP/IP suite. Data - Application layer PDU Segment - Transport Layer PDU Packet - Internetwork Layer PDU Frame - Network Access Layer PDU Bits - A PDU used when physically transmitting data over the medium
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Layer 4 (TCP/UDP) contains a port number which represents the application or service carried in the IP packet. Destination port destination application Source port source application
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Destination port number tells the OS (TCP/IP) stack which application to hand the data to. Examples: 80 = HTTP (www) 23 = Telnet 20, 21 = FTP 25 = SMTP
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