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Tom Overbye Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Presentation Overview
PowerWorld Simulator
WEP WPL IPW PENELEC MEC NI TE CEI MPW NPPD OPPD CILCO NIPS AEP METED AE CWLP IPL AP CIPS STJO MIDW KACY MIPU HE IMPA OVEC CIN PEPCO DPL DPL BG&E PECO OE DLCO PJM500 JCP&L PSE&G PP&L CONS
LES
IESC
IP
Ovals represent operating areas Arrows indicate power flow in MW between areas
VP KACP INDN EMO SIPC KU LGE EEI ASEC SIGE BREC EKPC
WERE
YADKIN CPLW
DUKE WEFA
CPLE
KAMO
SWPA
HARTWELL SEPA-JST
ENTR
SEPA-RBR
AEC SWEP
EQ-ERCOT
CELE
NI
TE
CE I
CILCO
NIPS
CIPS HE IMPA
CIN
OVEC
EMO SIPC
SIGE
BREC
One-line Diagram
RAMAPO 5
SUSQHANA
SUNBURY WESCOVLE KEYSTONE JUNIATA CONEM-GH 3 MILE I ALBURTIS HOSENSAK ELROY LIMERICK WHITPAIN BRANCHBG DEANS SMITHBRG
01YUKON HUNTERTN
BURCHES CHALK500 CLVT CLF 273 829 828 293 MVR MW MW MVR
07MEROM5 8VALLEY 8DOOMS -114MW 893 MVR 8LDYSMTH 8NO ANNA 897 MW -110 MVR 8ELMONT
300 9300 MVR MW 300 99 MVR MW MVR MW 8BATH CO 300 9300 MW MVR 9320 MW MVR 9 MVR MW 8LEXNGTN
8MDLTHAN 8CHCKAHM 801 MW -127 MVR 8SURRY 8CARSON 8SEPTA 8YADKIN 8FENTRES
8CLOVER
8WEAKLEY
8WILSON
8WAKE
8MAURY 8JACKSON 8FRANKLI 8SNP 8SHELBY 8CORDOVA 340 MVR WM-EHV 8 8FREEPOR 8BFNP 8TRINITY 8LIMESTO 8WID CRK 8MADISON 8BNP 1 8BNP 2 8RACCOON
8WBNP 1
8MCGUIRE 1129 MW 0183 MVRMVR 8CUMBERL 8JOCASSE 8BAD CRK 8OCONEE 0 MVR 8RICHMON
8UNION
8BOWEN 8BIG SHA 8VILLA R 8MILLER 8WANSLEY 8BULLSLU 8NORCROS 8KLONDIK 8UNIONCT
8W POINT 8LOWNDES
8S. BESS
8SCHERER
MCADAM 8
8HATCH8
8FARLEY
19MADRD
CHERR; R CHERR; B
PH117; R
03BAY SH
53%
WAYNE; R
DP 46; B DP 46; R
03DAV-BE
BYRON; R BYRON; B
05OLIVE
05JACKSR
17HIPLE
03LEMOYN
LOMBA; B LOMBA; R ????? ELMHU; B ELMHU; R CRAWF; B CRAWF; R TAYLO; B TAYLO; R 17MCHCTY
05DUMONT
GARFI; B BEDFO; R MCCOO; B CALUM; B SLINE; B BEDFO;RT BURNH; B BURNH;4M BURNH;0R 17MUNSTR SLINE; R 17CHIAVE 17SHEFLD 17LKGORG 17BABCOK 17DUNACR
H471 ;
17STLWEL
05S.BTLR
17TWR RD
B ISL; R
05COLNGW 05FOSTOR
G ACR; T
BURNH;1R
S JOH; T
17GRNACR
BLOOM; R
17STJOHN
05ALLEN
17SCHAHF
DRESD; B DRESD; R COLLI; R COLLI; LASCO; B LASCO; R BRAID; B BRAID; R 05REYNOL DAVIS; B DAVIS; R 08DEEDSV 05SORENS 05E LIMA 02GALION
05SW LIM
05DEQUIN
08WALTON
56%
08WESTWD PONTI;
05MARYSV TAZEWELL
05HYATT
POWER; R POWER; B
05DESOTO
DUCK CRK
BROKA; T
????? 08WHITST CLINTON RISING SIDNEY MAROA W MAROA E 08CAY CT OREANA E 16STOUT 08GWYNN 08TDHNTR 09URBANA KANSAS 08WODSDL 08FOSTER 08DRESSR ????? 16THOMPS 16HANNA BUNSONVL 05EUGENE 08CAYUGA 16ROCKVL 08NUCOR 09BATH 16GUION 16SUNNYS 08GRNBOR 09GIVENS
LATHA; T
KINCA;
69%
60%
07WORTHN
08P.UNON
Arrows indicate MW flow on the lines; piecharts show percentage loading of lines
62%
05SULLVA 08COLMBU
08OKLND 05TANNER
08M.FORT
62%
08EBEND 08BUFTN1
06PIERCE
09CARGIL
70%
10
Bus 1
1.00 pu
Generator
100 MW
Bus 3
Load
Bus
Circuit Breaker
11
Generation
12
Loads
13
Transmission
14
15
16
17
to instantaneously(nearly) change. No other way to directly control power flow in a transmission line. By changing generation we can indirectly change this flow.
18
Bus 1
1.00 pu
0 MW 0 MVR 0 MW 0 MVR
-50 MW 16 MVR 50 MW -14 MVR 1.00 pu 100 MW 50 MVR 150 MW AGC ON 36 MVR AVR ON
100 MW
Bus 3
19
Bus 1
1.00 pu
1.00 pu 2 MW 30 MVR
-82 MW 27 MVR 83 MW -23 MVR 1.00 pu 100 MW 50 MVR 250 MW OFF AGC 8 MVR AVR ON
100 MW
Bus 3
20
number of considerations. Losses (I2 R) can heat up the line, causing it to sag. This gives line an upper thermal limit. Thermal limits depend upon ambient conditions. Many utilities use winter/summer limits.
21
Bus 1
1.00 pu
104%
1.00 pu
104%
Bus 3
22
Interconnected Operation
distances. For example most of North American east of the Rockies is one system, with most of Texas and Quebec being major exceptions Individual utilities only own and operate a small portion of the system, which is referred to an operating area (or an area).
23
Operating Areas
Areas constitute a structure imposed on grid. Transmission lines that join two areas are known
as tie-lines. The net power out of an area is the sum of the flow on its tie-lines. The flow out of an area is equal to total gen - total load - total losses = tie-flow
24
Bus 1
1.00 pu
1.00 pu 121 MW -3 MVR -35 MW 11 MVR 35 MW -10 MVR 8 MW -2 MVR 1.00 pu 107 MW 53 MVR 150 MW AGC ON 41 MVR AVR ON -8 MW 2 MVR 100 MW
Home Area
Area 2
25
26
Bus 1
1.00 pu
20.0
1.00 pu
Area Control Error (MW) 10.0
227 MW OFF AGC -17 MW 5 MVR 135 MVR AVR ON 17 MW -5 MVR Home Area
0.0
-10.0
Area 2
Bus 3
-20.0
06:15 AM Time
27
Inadvertent Interchange
ACE can never be held exactly at zero. Integrating the ACE gives the inadvertent
interchange, expressed in MWh. Utilities keep track of this value. If it gets sufficiently negative they will pay back the accumulated energy. In extreme cases inadvertent energy is purchased at a negotiated price.
28
29
Bus 1
1.00 pu
-22 MW 7 MVR 22 MW -6 MVR 1.00 pu 107 MW 53 MVR 171 MW AGC ON 35 MVR AVR ON
100 MW
Home Area
Area 2
With AGC on, net tie flow is zero, but individual line flows are not zero
30
Generator Costs
31
32
5000
2500
33
15.0
10.0
5.0
34
Economic Dispatch
35
Power Transactions
do power transactions. Contracts can be for any amount of time at any price for any amount of power. Scheduled power transactions are implemented by modifying the area ACE: ACE = Pactual,tie-flow - Psched
36
Bus 1
1.00 pu
Overloaded line
1.00 pu
112%
150 MW AGC ON 232 MVR AVR ON -159 MW 55 MVR 163 MW -41 MVR -130 MW 44 MVR
1 MW 38 MVR 100 MW
112%
Home Area
Area 2
Scheduled Transaction
37
Security Constrained ED
economics. Such limits required a constrained dispatch in order to maintain system security. In three bus case the generation at bus 3 must be constrained to avoid overloading the line from bus 2 to bus 3.
38
Bus 1
1.00 pu
1.00 pu
100%
177 MW OFF AGC -142 MW 49 MVR 223 MVR AVR ON 145 MW -37 MVR -122 MW 41 MVR
-0 MW 37 MVR 100 MW
100%
Home Area
Area 2
39
Multi-Area Operation
40
38 MW -61 MW 1.04 pu 32 MW 79 MW
200 MW
41
42
43
106%
Top Area Cost
8069 $/MWH
-102 MW 5 -4 MW
300 MW
44
Transmission Service
45
Transmission Service
46
WEP WPL IPW PENELEC MEC NI TE OE CEI MPW OPPD CILCO DLCO NIPS AEP PECO PJM500 JCP&L PP&L PSE&G CONS
IESC CWLP
IP
CIN
PEPCO
DPL
OVEC
KACP
EKPC
YADKIN CPLW
DUKE
CPLE
SEPA-JST
ENTR
SEPA-RBR
AEC SWEP
47
48
19%
NYPP DPC
10%
SMP
54%
MGE
55%
DECO
ONT HYDR
8%
WPL IPW
10%
WEP CONS
7%
7%
MEC
22%
8%
55%
NI TE
PENELEC
PP&L
7%
NPPD OPPD
8%
MPW
CILCO
8%
16%
IP
39%
NIPS
7%
CEI
OE DLCO PJM500
13%
AEP METED
PECO
LES IESC
6%
CWLP
9%
7%
DPL IPL
6%
6% 5%
AP PEPCO
BG&E
CIN
OVEC
11%
WERE
9%
VP SIGE EMO INDN SIPC KU LGE BREC EKPC
8%
KACP
9%
ASEC
13%
EEI
19%
6%
DOE
7%
CPLW
8%
YADKIN
10%
11%
WEFA KAMO SWPA
DUKE
7%
CPLE
HARTWELL
SEPA-JST
Piecharts indicate percentage of transfer that will flow between specified areas
6%
ENTR SEPA-RBR
49
19%
DPC
10%
SMP
54%
MGE
55%
DECO
8%
WPL IPW
10%
WEP CONS
7%
7%
MEC
22%
8%
55%
NI TE
7%
OPPD
MPW
8%
CILCO
8%
16%
IP
39%
NIPS
7%
13%
IESC CWLP
9%
7%
DPL IPL
CIN
50
6%
DOE
19%
7%
CPLW
8%
YADKIN
10%
DUKE
About 100% of transfer arrives at TVA But flow does NOT follow contract path
T VA
11% 25%
SOUTHERN
HARTWELL
20%
SEPA-JST
SCE&G SCPSA
SEPA-RBR
51
Contingencies
52
available to transfer power from point A to point B without causing any overloads in basecase and first contingencies. Depends upon assumed system loading, transmission configuration and existing transactions.
53
Reactive Power
54
Reactive Power
55
Bus 1
1.00 pu
104%
1.00 pu
104%
343 MW -49 MVR 150 MW AGC ON 234 MVR AVR ON -57 MW 18 MVR 58 MW -16 MVR 89 MW -24 MVR -87 MW 29 MVR 1.00 pu 179 MW 90 MVR 150 MW AGC ON 102 MVR AVR ON 100 MW
Bus 3
56
Voltage Magnitude
a narrow voltage range, typically with 5% of a nominal value. For example, wall outlet should supply 120 volts, with an acceptable range from 114 to 126 volts. Voltage regulation is a vital part of system operations.
57
58
Voltage Regulation
59
Bus 4
100 MW 10 MVR
Bus 3
Bus 5
79 MVR
50 MVR
60
Voltage Control
61
Conclusion