MUSCULAR SYSTEM

MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Functions:
1. Movement of body parts 2. Provide form and shape 3. Heat production

MUSCULAR SYSTEM
General Classification
Skeletal Muscle - striated, voluntary

Cardiac Muscle - striated, involuntary Smooth Muscle - non-striated, involuntary

SKELETAL MUSCLES

SKELETAL MUSCLES
General Characteristics:
I. Attachments Origin Insertion

II. Structure Belly Tendon or Aponeurosis

SKELETAL MUSCLES
Criteria for Nomenclature 1. Attachment
ex) Sternocleidomastoid Temporalis 2. Function extensor or flexor abductor or adductor

SKELETAL MUSCLES
Criteria for Nomenclature
3. Length longus or brevis 4. Relative Position lateral or medial

superior or inferior internal or external

SKELETAL MUSCLES
Criteria for Nomenclature
5. Size maximus or minimus major or minor

SKELETAL MUSCLES
Criteria for Nomenclature
6. Orientation of Fibers rectus, oblique, or transverse

parallel or fusiform convergent pennate (uni, bi, or multipennate) circular

SKELETAL MUSCLES
Muscle Groupings
Prime Movers/Agonists Antagonists Synergists Fixators

Shunt Muscle resists dislocation Spurt Muscle rapid & effective

SKELETAL MUSCLES
Associated Connective Tissues
1. Endomysium 2. Perimysium 3. Epimysium 3. Fascia Superficial Deep

SKELETAL MUSCLES
Innervation
Muscle Fiber Motor Unit = Motor Neuron Muscle Fiber Coarse Movements Fine Movements Muscle Tone

SKELETAL MUSCLES
Organization
A. Muscles of the Axial Skeleton 1. Muscles of Head & Neck Facial Expression Mastication Extraocular Muscles Lingual Muscles Muscles of the Neck

SKELETAL MUSCLES
Organization A. Muscles of the Axial Skeleton 2. Muscles of the Torso Respiratory Muscles Abdominal Wall Muscles Muscles of the Back Muscles of the Pelvic Floor

SKELETAL MUSCLES
Organization
B. Muscles of the Appendicular Skeleton 1. Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle 2. Muscles of the Upper Extremity 3. Muscles of the Buttocks 3. Muscles of the Lower Extremity

CARDIAC MUSCLES (MYOCARDIUM)

SMOOTH (VISCERAL) MUSCLES

SMOOTH MUSCLES
Classification: A. Arrangement of Fibers 1. Circular 2. Longitudinal 3. Oblique

CARDIAC MUSCLES
General Characteristics
behaves as a single unit all-or-none contraction pacemaker stimulated under autonomic innervation possess intercalated discs

SMOOTH MUSCLES
Classification: B. Function 1. Single-unit = myogenic electrical activity ex) Uterine Contractions Peristalsis of GIT & GUT

SMOOTH MUSCLES
Classification: 2. Multi-unit = individual stimulation of muscle fibers ex) Arrector Pili Muscles

MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Clinical Conditions A. Symptoms of Muscular Disorders 1. Weakness or Paresis 2. Muscle Pain 3. Loss of Muscle Mass

MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Clinical Conditions B. Functional Muscular Conditions 1. Strain
2. Atrophy 3. Hypertrophy

4. Cramps

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Functions
1. Transport = Respiration Nutrition Excretion 2. Regulation 3. Protection

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Components
1. Heart 2. Blood Vessels a) Arteries b) Capillaries c) Veins 3. Blood

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Heart
2 Sides: Right Side = Venous Blood Left Side = Arterial Blood 4 Chambers: 2 Atria 2 Ventricles 4 Valves: Tricuspid & Pulmonic Valves Mitral & Aortic Valves

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Blood Vessels
A. Layers 1. Tunica Externa/CT Layer
2. Tunica Media/Muscular Layer 3. Tunica Intima/Endothelial Layer

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Arterial System

Characteristics:
- carry blood from heart to tissues - divide into branches - arterioles - anastomosis

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Arterial System
Major Arteries: 1. Aorta = Arch, Thoracic & Abdominal 2. Arteries of Head & Neck 3. Arteries of the Upper Extremities 4. Arteries of the Pelvis & Lower Extremities

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Arterial System
Anatomical End Arteries - branches do not anastomose Functional End Arteries - branches anastomose but

insufficient

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Venous System
Characteristics - convey blood to heart from tissues - possess valves - venules - formed by tributaries - venous plexuses - vena comitantes

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Venous Systems
A. Systemic Venous System

B. Portal Venous System - interposed between two capillary beds - sinusoids

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Venous System
Factors that assist blood flow: 1. Gravity 2. Muscular Contractions 3. Presence of Valves

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Venous System
Major Veins: A) Tributaries to Superior Vena Cava 1. Veins draining the Head & Neck 2. Veins of Upper Extremities 3. Veins of the Thorax

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Venous System
Major Veins: B) Tributaries to Inferior Vena Cava

1. Veins of the Abdominal Wall

2. Veins of the Kidneys 3. Veins of the Lower Extremities

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Venous System
Major Veins:

C) Tributaries to the Portal Vein 1. Veins of the Gastrointestinal Tract 2. Veins of the Spleen & Pancreas

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Capillaries
Types: a) Continuous (muscles, lungs, fatty tissues) b) Fenestrated (kidneys, small intestines) c) Sinusoids (liver, spleen)

Arteriovenous Anastomoses

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Functions:
1. Transport

2. Fat Absorption 3. Defense

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Components
1. Lymph Capillaries 2. Lymph Ducts a) Thoracic Duct b) Right Lymphatic Duct

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Components
3. Lymphatic Organs a) Lymph Nodes filters lymph produce lymphocytes b) Spleen c) Thymus