TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS

WHY PEOPLE SAY AND DO WHAT THEY DON'T REALLY WANT TO

Krishnan unni T.U S3 MBA

TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS IS
Allied to the techniques of psychotherapy and counselling, a method of observing and influencing human behaviour and experience. It combines psychoanalytical, linguistic, behaviourist and cognitive elements into a unified approach."

EACH OF US IS REALLY THREE PEOPLE!!!!

THREE MODES OF BEHAVIOR

Parent Adult Child These are called EGO STATES They are Felt states of being and not just roles.

Child Ego State

Natural Child(PRINCE)- Hateful/ loving/ spontaneous/ playful Intuitive Child(LITTLE PROFESSOR)Thoughtful/ imaginative/ creative Adapted Child(FROG)- fearful/ guilty/ ashamed

Parent Ego State

A collection of pre-recorded, pre-judged, prejudiced codes for living. Decides, without reasoning, how to react to situations. Can be over-controlling and oppressive or life giving, supportive and tender.

 Overly Critical- Critical parent Loving and nurturing the child- Nurturing parent

Adult Ego State

Has no emotions able to detach from feelings. Logical.

Contamination
When the Adult uses information which has its source in the Child or in the Parent and which may be incorrect. Prejudice.

Voices in the head!!

Parental Tapes being played over in our minds. They may be good or bad depending on which parents tapes we are playing.

 Critical parent is opposed to natural child. Nurturing parent is supportive to natural child. Critical parent activates the Adapted Child. It is possible to fight your Critical Parent(also called Pig Parent).

RELATIONSHIPS
Child to Child Parent to parent Child to Adult Adult to Parent Adult to Adult

STROKES
The recognition that one person gives to another Essential to a person's life Can vary from actual physical touch to praise

 Positive Strokes- , you did a good job- Warm Fuzzies Negative Strokes- I hate you- cold Pricklies. When positive strokes are not given, we look for negative strokes rather than be without strokes at all!!

 We should learn to open our hearts and ask for strokes. It makes life easier.

Basic States of Mind

1. I'm not OK, you're OK 2. I'm OK, you aren't OK 3. I'm not OK, you're not OK 4. I'm OK, you're OK

TRANSACTIONS
Transactions occur when any person relates to any other person. The three types of transactions: COMPLEMENTARY,CROSSED & COVERT. Every transaction is made up of a stimulus and response.

Complementary Transaction
Between Adult and Adult Child to Child Parent to Child

 Communication can continue between ego states as long as trans-actions are parallel. Whenever a disruption of communication occurs, a crossed transaction caused it.

Cross Transaction
When three or more ego states are involved The transactional response is addressed to an ego state different from the one which started the stimulus They disrupt communication.

Discount Transaction
One very important kind of crossed transaction Here one person completely disregards what the other one is saying. Discounts are not always obvious but are always unpleasant

Covert Transactions
A covert transaction is when people say one thing and mean another. Eg A superior to a female employee I need you to stay late at the office with me and the later means something wrong Are the basis of games and are especially interesting because they are crooked.

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
A technique used to determine how different values of an independent variable will impact a particular dependent variable under a given set of assumptions. This technique is used within specific boundaries that will depend on one or more input variables, such as the effect that changes in interest rates will have on a bond's price.

 The purpose of sensitivity analysis is to refine the decision model

what makes a difference in each decision Provide guidance for the development of a requisite decision model

Eagle Airlines example

Management Use of Sensitivity and Breakeven Analysis

Using Sensitivity:

Sensitive variables are investigated and managed in two ways: (1) Ex ante; in the planning phase; more effort is used to create better forecasts of future values. If management decides the project is too risky, it is abandoned at this stage.
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Management Use of Sensitivity and Breakeven Analysis

Using Breakeven:
Forecasted calculated Breakeven values of variables are continuously compared against actual outcomes during the execution phase.

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Management Use of Sensitivity and Breakeven Analysis

Using Sensitivity:
(2) Ex post; in the project execution phase; management monitors the forecasted values. If the project is performing poorly, it is abandoned or sold off prior to its planned termination.

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Real Life Examples of Forecast Errors

Large blowouts in initial construction costs for Sydney Opera House, Montreal Olympic Stadium. Big budget films are shunned by critics and public alike; e.g Waterworld: whilst cheap films become classics; eg.Easy Rider. High failure rate of rockets used to launch commercial satellites. 28

Team Building Interventions

What Is Team?
Collection of people relying on group collaboration achieve success and goal achievement.
Importance is on joint, concerted and coordinated effort which generate positive energy to achieve goals.

Why People Join Teams?

Security Status Self- esteem Affiliation Power Goal achievement
Feel stronger Reduced insecurity of remaining alone Recognition to members

Feeling of self worth

Fulfill social needs through interaction

Things cannot be achieved individually can be achieved through group actions Pooling of talents, knowledge or power enables to get job completed

Characteristics Of Effective Teams

Clear purpose to all
Members know their goals mission, vision

Participation
All members are listened as there is effective interaction

Consensus decision making

Situation is diagnosed by joint decision and problems are solved through cooperation and supportive relationship

Leadership
Anyone is free to volunteer and leaders role is supportive and informal

Trust and respect for one another

TEAM WORK
Successful teams have a combination of qualities summed up in acronym team work T :- trust E:- enthusiasm A:- ambition to succeed M:- mutual interest W:- workability of goals O:- openness to share ideas R:- resilience K:- key result areas

TEAM DEVELOPMENT INTERVENTIONS

Family group diagonstic meetings Family group team building meetings Role negotiation techniques Role analysis technique Grid organization developememt program Self managed work teams

Family group diagonstic meetings

Current performance Impovement areas Problems Diagonostic data made public Issues identified,action plans Helps group to identify problems in their respective areas.

Family group team building meetings

Assist work group in learning Gather data through questionnaires Group meeting held away from organization to avoid interruptions Based on individuals knowledge, consultant may help in setting the agenda Series of meetings to ensure a permanent change

ROLE NEGOTIATION TECHNIQUE

Managers explain what they want form others and explain why Contract setting Issue diagonosis Role negotiation Written role negotiation agreement

ROLE ANALYSIS
Clarify role expectation Behaviour of one member expected or prescribed by other group members Steps include Role analysis Role incumbents expectation Role expectations Role profile

Grid organization developememt program

Perfecting team work Analysis of work culture,traditions Feed back about team behaviour

Self managed work teams

Members know how to handle tasks Temporary/permanent Hetrogenity is advantegeous Size is small Information available publically Knowledge of outside environment

REFERENCES
WWW.ECOITRALIE.IN http://www.icmrindia.org/courseware/Orga nizational%20Behavior/Organizational%20 Behavior.htm Organizational behaviour margi parik,pearson OD&C,SK BHATIA OD&C KAVITHA SINGH