HOW KNOW THE VALUE OF YOUR RESISTOR.

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the resistor's terminals. The electronic color code was developed in the early 1920s by the Radio Manufacturers Association. Color bands were commonly used (especially on resistors) because they were easily printed on tiny components, decreasing construction costs. However, there were drawbacks, especially for color blind people. Overheating of a component, or dirt accumulation, may make it impossible to distinguish brown from red from orange. Advances in printing technology have made printed numbers practical for small components, which are often found in modern electronics. To distinguish left from right there is a gap between the 3 and 4 bands. band 1 is first significant figure of component value (left side) band 2 is the second significant figure band 3 is the decimal multiplier band 4 if present, indicates tolerance of value in percent (no band means 20%) For example, a resistor with bands of yellow, violet, red, and gold will have first digit 4 (yellow in table below), second digit 7 (violet), followed by 2 (red) zeros: 4,700 ohms. Gold signifies that the tolerance is 5%, so the real resistance could lie anywhere between 4,465 and 4,935 ohms.

Know your equipment, " DIGITAL MULTI METER " Digital multi meters of the following.. Digital display : it is used for displaying the measured value. today LCD or liquid crystal displays are used like in calculators and digital wrist watches. Range selecting dial : it is used to select the parameter and the range of the range we wish to measure like voltage, current, resistance etc. Terminals : the terminals are used to connect the testing probes to the multimeter. there are three terminals . COM Terminal : com terminal or common terminal or ground terminal or negative terminal is the common terminal for both normal use and high current settings.

Normal Use Terminal : normal use terminal is used for the testing of voltage, low current, resistance, continuity etc.
High Current Terminal : high current terminal is used for the measurement of currents up to 10A, depending on the model of your DMM.

A photodiode is a p-n junction or PIN structure. When a photon of sufficient energy strikes the diode, it excites an electron, thereby creating a free electron (and a positively charged electron hole). This mechanism is also known as the inner photoelectric effect. If the absorption occurs in the junction's depletion region, or one diffusion length away from it, these carriers are swept from the junction by the built-in field of the depletion region. Thus holes move toward the anode, and electrons toward the cathode, and a photocurrent is produced. This photocurrent is the sum of both the dark current (without light) and the light current, so the dark current must be minimized to enhance the sensitivity of the device. Photovoltaic mode When used in zero bias or photovoltaic mode, the flow of photocurrent out of the device is restricted and a voltage builds up. This mode exploits the photovoltaic effect, which is the basis for solar cells a traditional solar cell is just a large area photodiode. Photoconductive mode In this mode the diode is often reverse biased (with the cathode positive), dramatically reducing the response time at the expense of increased noise. This increases the width of the depletion layer, which decreases the junction's capacitance resulting in faster response times. The reverse bias induces only a small amount of current (known as saturation or back current) along its direction while the photocurrent remains virtually the same. For a given spectral distribution, the photocurrent is linearly proportional to the illuminance (and to the irradiance). Although this mode is faster, the photoconductive mode tends to exhibit more electronic noise.[citation needed] The leakage current of a good PIN diode is so low (<1 nA) that the JohnsonNyquist noise of the load resistance in a typical circuit often dominates.

Voltage regulator circuit very easy . You can use this Voltage Regulator Calculator to vary the value of the program resistor (R1) and output set resistor (R2) and calculate the output voltage for the LM317 / LM338 / LM350 family of three terminal adjustable regulators. This Voltage Regulator Calculator will work for most voltage regulators with a reference voltage (VREF) of 1.25. Typically, the program resistor (R1) is 240 ohms for the LM117, LM317, LM138 and LM150 regulators. For the LM338 and LM350 regulators, 120 ohms is typically used for R1. However, other values such as 150 or 220 ohms can also be used for R1. Refer to the adjustable regulator data sheets below for more information about these voltage regulators.