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reengineering
Identify and describe the critical success factors for BPR projects
Business Process Reengineering is defined as; the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical contemporary measures of performance such as costs, quality and speed. (Hammer and Champy, 1993)
***Business process re-engineering is also known as business process redesign, business transformation, or business process change management.
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Fundamental
Fundamental implies that everything every assumption, every reason, every activity is challenged by asking why it should be continued. The implication is nothing should be accepted as scared. Over time, practices that were once required become obsolete and need to be removed.
Radical
Do not try to improve the existing situation, invent(create/design) completely new ways of accomplishing(complete/achieve) work.
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Dramatic
Do not use business process redesign to obtain marginal (small slight) improvements, aim at order-of-magnitude improvements (ten times). If the marginal gains 5 to 10 percent are the goal, then continuous improvement is a more appropriate path than reengineering.
Process
A business process may be defined as a set of logically related tasks performed to achieve a defined business outcome (Davenport, 1990)
OR
activities that takes one or more kinds of input and an output that is of value to customer (Hammer and Champy, 1993)
OR
create
a set of business events that together enable the creation and delivery of an organizations products or services to its customers (Gelinas et. al, 2004)
Reengineering takes time, larger project takes even more time. Reengineering requires process, organization and technology changes. Reengineering also requires infrastructure changes and cultural transformation). - Once the radical changes takes place, they must continuously improve the process, practices in the business operation to prevent future deterioration and ensure preventive maintenance.
Design
Implementation
Time
Figure 1.1: The Business Reengineering Continuum
Process Structure
Technology Structure
Organization Structure
Value Layer
Organizational Culture
Political Power
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The Physical /Technical Dimensions are what people can easily see and do. Include; Process structure consists of the business processes, outcomes, policies, practices and procedures that support the processes. (process structure is what, when
and how work is performed)
a.
Process can be triggered by internal events, timing cycles, or external stimuli. Some processes originate by designs, others may emerge informally to meet real or perceived organizational needs (that is why we need business process reengineering). There are undocumented, inconsistently applied and personality dependent processes. No single organization has the same processes
Technology structure which consists of the automated communications, networking, and computer systems used to support the process structure. The sensible (rational/reasonable) application of technology depends on the competent integration of technology with work processes.
c.
Organization structure defines who performs, manages, and is accountable for each business process. When process and organization structures are out of alignments, there are gaps in accountability.
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The Infrastructure Dimensions refers to interpretation of policies and procedures which heavily influences how the physical/technical dimensions on a day-to-day basis.
If the physical/technical dimensions change, the infrastructure must also change because they reinforce desired performance operational behavior.
a.
Reward structure regulates behavior. Rewards may be formal or informal, financial or recognition based. Ideally, well-designed jobs provide a work environment that is rewarding in and of itself.
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Measurement systems define the feedback that provide information on process performance. - enables people to improve process performance;
- should be made available directly and simultaneously (at once) to process performers and managers
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Management methods consist of the practices and techniques used to supervise, develop, and support the people who perform the business processes.
It is one of the most neglected (ignored) in reengineering because it is seen as outside the project scope. Managers and supervisors must understand and learn how to support the new environment so as to gain benefits from the reengineering process.
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1.
Increase the organizations ability to customize products and services while retaining mass-production economics. Increase customer satisfaction with products and services so they prefer your products and services over those of your competitors. Make it easy and pleasant (enjoyable) for customers to do business with your organizations. Break organizational boundaries, bringing customers into the information channels through communication, networking, and computer technologies.
2.
3.
4.
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BENEFIT of REENGGINEERING
5. Decrease response time to customers, eliminate errors and complaints, and reduce product and service development and manufacturing cycle time. Process more customer requests and higher volume from each customer, and deliver value-driven prices to customers without reducing profitability. Improve the quality of work life and individual capabilities for contribution so that people experience ownership of their work and of customers and see their contributions to the organizations. Improve the sharing and utilization of organization knowledge so the organization does not become/remain dependent on the expertise of a few people.
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6.
7.
8.
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The explosion of chaos and bureaucracy: Organizations work processes were not designed BUT they evolved out of the chaos of
doing business. Processes become habitualized. From veteran to new staff without realising it was a mistake (e.g. a team of headquarters accountants visiting a field billing office found clerks misapplying
account codes to expense vouchers. The team asked a clerk why? She replied: Listen, Ive been doing this job for 20 years, and you are not going to tell me Im doing it wrong.)
2.
Thinking of customers: Too many companies design processes based on the assumption that they know whats best for customers, thus, organization becomes inflexible, driving frustrated customers to competitors or regulatory commissions. Employees who take the initiatives to help customer would be penalised for bypassing official procedures.
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Automation of existing bureaucracy: computerization reinforced bureaucracy rather that breaking through it. (changing paper documents to electronic document, BUT company only duplicates existing
processes, thus, maintaining both paper and electronic forms of data. E.g. an insurance companys claims department, automation created paper printouts to replace handwritten claim files, but paper continued to move from one desk to another as the claim was processed).
4.
Bottlenecks and disconnects in critical cross-functional processes. Each unit operates as if it has no relationship to the other units.
(Each unit is part of the manufacturing stream, but they each operates in costly and cumbersome processes preparing work for processing, resolving problems and errors, tracking the work in progress, thru, creating duplicate and inaccurate data. E.g. large automobile manufacturing company each division reentered information about incoming work into its own systems, and sent paper with the outgoing work. Each department did not check with each other on what is going on in the manufacturing process).
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5.
Elusiveness of accountability: Most organizations are structured by function (eg. Sales, manufacturing, etc.) but essential business process (eg. Customer service and support) cut across the functions. This makes it difficult, if not impossible, to establish accountability for a complete business process. (e.g. in a manufacturing firm, the subprocesses, each assigned to different group. If any plans
or budgets were late, inaccurate, or incomplete, customers programs could not be updated in time to avoid invoicing errors and deductions. As a result, in 5-years time, the number of changes in plans and budgets increased from 10 57%, and the process deteriorated from lack of management, measurement and accountability.
6.
Chaos of downsizing: It leaves survivors demoralized, the work environment inadequately staffed, and people with inadequate skills performing the work, and tasks can no longer be processed within their current configuration. (e.g. a large government organization
downsized its headquarters by 40%. 1 staff was left to take up a responsibility for 4 person, he has to work 16 hours a day and before long, demanded to transfer to another location. 22
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2.0
3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
Inattention to detail
Designer arrogance and customer exclusion Focus on correction, not error prevention Measurement problems Focus only on external customers
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1. The necessity for change. Use quantitative data that translates what everybody already knows into facts and numbers
2. The alternative to change. Use hard and soft data to paint a picture of the future if the organization doesnt change
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goals
- Build a detailed process redesign of the business operations - Plan the implementation - Conduct a proof of concept (if needed) (**once this has been laid out, reengineer advocate can ask for the big bucks for implementation)
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1.
A business focus a focus on all dimensions. Success depends on integrating all three process, technology, and organization, plus supporting that integration with new infrastructure and values.
2. A methodology and project approach requires discipline and structure; methodology must be systematic and fact focused; must articulate how to secure finding, manage power struggles, and sell the new ideas. 3. Time - BR takes time. Executives must be able to stick the program. with
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