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EXTRACTIVE INSTITUTIONS (p. 76): We call such institutions, which have opposite properties to those we call inclusive, extractive economic institutionsextractive because such institutions are designed to extract incomes and wealth from one subset of society to benefit a different subset.
Creative Destruction
As noted in Why Nations Fail New technology replaces past technology (i.e. creating new ideas destroys past ideas). Therefore, the process of create destruction tells us that people who benefit from existing technology will see new technology as a threat. If the people who benefit from existing technology are making decisions for society, that society will not tend to adopt new technology. And therefore, that society will not see economic growth.
Just to review
economies can only grow persistently if new technologies are adopted leaders in a society dominated by extractive institutions will see new technology as a potential threat
Therefore only societies that adopt inclusive institutions will see persistent economic growth.
Why Nations Fail (p.430) What is crucial, however, is that growth under extractive institutions will not be sustained, for two key reasons. First, sustained economic growth requires innovation, and innovation cannot be decoupled from creative destruction, which replaces the old with the new in the economic realm and also destabilizes established power relations in politics. Because elites dominating extractive institutions fear creative destruction, they will resist it, and any growth that germinates under extractive institutions will be ultimately short lived. Second, the ability of those who dominate extractive institutions to benefit greatly at the expense of the rest of society implies that political power under extractive institutions is highly coveted, making many groups and individuals fight to obtain it. As a consequence, there will be powerful forces pushing societies under extractive institutions toward political instability.
Political Monopoly?
KEY IDEA: If one group has a political monopoly, then a society will not likely embrace technological change. In other words, there has to be a possibility that everyone in society can enjoy a leadership position.