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Using metals
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For example, silver is a better conductor than copper but it is too expensive to be used for electric wires.
Extraction method. This can greatly affect the price and availability of a metal. For example, aluminium only became a commonly used metal in the late 19th century as better extraction methods made it cheaper. What other factors might determine how metals are used?
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dense
Why do metals have these particular properties?
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sea of electrons
metal ions
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heat
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force
force
The metallic bonds do not break because the delocalized electrons are free to move throughout the structure. This also explains why metals are malleable (easy to shape) and ductile (can be drawn into wires).
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Metallic bonding
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What is corrosion?
Corrosion is the gradual destruction of a metal due to reactions with other chemicals in its environment. Over time, corrosion changes the appearance of the metal as it breaks down and it becomes weaker. Corrosion can seriously damage metallic objects and structures. Coating the surface of a metal with paint and certain chemicals can protect it from corrosion. What happens if the protective coating becomes damaged?
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Gold is an unreactive metal and does not corrode easily. In many cultures, gold is considered a precious metal and is used to make sacred and decorative objects.
Items made from gold can survive for thousands of years and have even been found in good condition underwater. In general, objects made from metals that corrode easily do not survive for as long.
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aluminium atoms
The outer aluminium atoms react with oxygen in the atmosphere. This forms a thin layer of aluminium oxide on the metals surface, which protects the metal from corrosion.
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What is rusting?
Rusting is the specific name given to the corrosion of iron. It is a chemical reaction between iron, oxygen and water.
The chemical name for rust is hydrated iron oxide. Rust can form on cars and buildings, making them unsafe. It is an expensive problem. Salt can increase the rate of rusting. This iron bolt is on a seaside structure and is nearly completely corroded.
What is the word equation for the formation of rust? iron
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oxygen
water
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Finding metals
Are some metals easier to find than others?
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Some unreactive metals, like gold, silver and copper, can be found uncombined as elements. Metals that are found in a pure form are said to occur native.
Most metals are actually found combined with other elements, as compounds in ores. These metals must be extracted from their ores before they can be made useful.
Highly reactive metals, such as titanium, require complicated extraction. This can increase the cost of the pure metal.
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increasing reactivity
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raw materials
Iron is extracted by this method in a blast furnace. The iron ore is heated with carbon-rich coke at very high temperatures.
The iron collected from a blast furnace is only 96% pure. Usually, this product will be treated further because the impurities make iron brittle.
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hot air
molten iron
molten slag
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What is electrolysis?
Metals that are more reactive than carbon are extracted using electrolysis. This process uses an electrical current to extract the metal. Aluminium is extracted from its ore, bauxite, using this method. Electrolysis is also used to further purify metals, such as copper, after extraction with carbon. Electrolysis is more expensive than using a blast furnace, and this increases the price of the metal.
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Extraction quiz
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Recycling aluminium uses 95% less energy than extracting it from its ores. Recycling one car saves over 1,000 kg of iron ore and over 600 kg of coal. 14 million fewer dustbins would be filled per year by recycling aluminium in the UK.
Less damage Recycling reduces the need to mine to environment sensitive areas for new ores.
Profitable
Recycled copper can be resold for up to 90% of what it was worth when new.
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Recycling or extraction?
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What is an alloy?
An alloy is a mixture of a metal with at least one other element. Steel is a common example of an alloy. It contains iron mixed with carbon and other elements. Adding other elements to a metal changes its structure and so changes its properties. The final alloy may have very different properties to the original metal. By changing the amount of each element in an alloy, material scientists can custom-make alloys to fit a given job.
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Is gold an alloy?
Although pure gold is sometimes used in electronics, gold jewellery is always a mixture of gold and other metals. Pure gold is actually quite soft. Adding small amounts of other metals makes the gold hard enough to use in jewellery. Alloying gold with different metals also affects its colour. The familiar yellow gold is an alloy of gold with copper and silver. Adding more copper than silver gives redder shades. White gold is an alloy of gold with nickel, platinum or palladium. Around 12% of people may be allergic to the nickel in white gold.
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What is steel?
Steel is an alloy of iron and other elements, including carbon, nickel and chromium. Steel is stronger than pure iron and can be used for to suspension bridges! everything from sauce pans
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Varying the amount of carbon gives steel different properties. For example, a higher carbon content makes a hard steel. Different types of steel are classified by how much carbon they contain.
low carbon steel contains less than 0.25% carbon high carbon steel contains more than 0.5% carbon. Two other important types of steel are:
stainless steel an alloy of iron that contains at least 11% chromium and smaller amounts of nickel and carbon titanium steel an alloy of iron and titanium.
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Glossary (1/2) alloy A mixture of a metal and at least one other element. amalgam An alloy of mercury that is used for dental
fillings.
ductile The ability of metals to be drawn into wires. electrolysis A process that uses electricity to extract or
purify metals.
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solder An alloy of lead and tin that is used in electronics. steel An alloy containing iron and other elements.
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Anagrams
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Multiple-choice quiz
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