Renewable Energy

EMSC 5103 : Sustainable Construction Renewable Energy

Global Energy consumption

The energy consumption is increasing over the years. main consumers are from China, India and US. The main sectors are industries (51%), transportation (26.6%), residential(13.9%) and commercial (7.8%) . (Energy Information Agency, US).

EMSC 5103 : Sustainable Construction

Global Energy consumption

The main consumers are from China and US and India (88% increase from 2001 to 2011).

EMSC 5103 : Sustainable Construction Renewable Energy

Global Energy supply

The global energy consumption source 80% from fossil source, only 13.6% from renewable source. (in 2004).

EMSC 5103 : Sustainable Construction Renewable Energy

Supply vs demand The projection shows that in years to come, demand might succeed the supply. Hence a renewable source is called for.

EMSC 5103 : Sustainable Construction Renewable Energy

Malaysia scenario: Energy mix
100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 Year Coal Natural gas Hydro Oil

Electricity Generation (%)

In 2009 generation mix (total = 116,114 GWh

EMSC 5103 : Sustainable Construction Renewable Energy

Malaysia scenario: Energy mix in 2009 (at power station) Coal 40.4% Natural gas 53% Hydro 4.9% Fuel oil 0.4% Diesel oil 1.3%

National Energy Balance, 2009

EMSC 5103 : Sustainable Construction Renewable Energy

Malaysia scenario: industry: 44.4 % Commercial 33.6% Residential 21.5% Transport 0.2% Agriculture 0.3%

EMSC 5103 : Sustainable Construction Renewable Energy

In 2009, a National Renewable energy Policy and Action plan was passed by government.

Vision

A policy statement with a vision that provides long term goals that all stakeholders should strive to realize: Enhancing the utilization of indigenous renewable energy resources to contribute toward national electricity supply security and sustainable socioeconomic development,

5 policy To increase RE contribution in the national power generation mix objectives

To facilitate the growth of the RE industry To ensure reasonable RE generation costs To conserve the environment for future generation To enhance awareness on the role and importance of RE ACTION Renewable Energy Act, setting up of Sustainable Energy Development Authority SEDA 1% increase electricity tariff to support this initiative

EMSC 5103 : Sustainable Construction

EMSC 5103 : Sustainable Construction

5 thrusts:
1: Introduce appropriate regulatory framework

Malaysia RE policy 2009

Introduction of appropriate , robust and efficient regulatory framework which would address market failure and provides incentives for firms to enter the RE generation market . The introduction of RE fund. Provide conducive business environment for RE industries which covers manufacturing of RE components, RE finished products , RE service providers Human capital development

2. Provide conducive environment for RE business

3. Intensify human capital development

4. Enhance RE research and development

Focus on innovation to produce innovative products and services

Targeted at investors,

5. Design and implement an RE advocacy program

EMSC 5103 : Sustainable Construction

Malaysia RE policy 2009
RE policy objectives

EMSC 5103 : Sustainable Construction

EMSC 5103 : Sustainable Construction Renewable Energy

EMSC 5103 : Sustainable Construction

Malaysia RE policy 2009

EMSC 5103 : Sustainable Construction

Potential RE sources in Malaysia
Palm oil wastes Mini hydro Solar power Consist of Empty fruit bunches EFB, mesocarp fibre, palm kernel shell PKS and palm oil mill effluent POME. Statistic: 59.8 million tonnes of fresh fruit bunches will produce 11.9 million tonnes of CPO; 22.6 Mt of solid biomass (EFB, fibres, PKS); and 41.9 Mt of POME. 20 million tonnes of EFB able to produce 1065 MW. For biogas, 58 mil t of POME will produce 217 MW.

Suitable mini-hydro project is the run-off-river scheme, potential up to 30 MW Solar photovoltaic PV cells convert sunlight directly into electricity. They are made of semi conducting materials similar to those used in computer chips. When sunlight is absorbed by these materials, the solar energy knocks electrons loose from their atoms allowing electrons to flow through the material to produce electricity known as photovoltaic effects. Thin film solar cells use layers of semiconductor materials only a few micrometers thick, allows then to be used rooftop shingles, roof tiles, building facades, or the glazing for skylights or atria. Only sunlight with certain intensity will work efficiently. High irradiance level is well suited for PV generation. Globally, PV panel production has grown by 53% annually. Capacity: 100 W/m2.

EMSC 5103 : Sustainable Construction

Potential RE sources in Malaysia
Solid waste and landfill gas Its expected the amount of solid waste will increased from 21000 tonne per day to 30000tonnes per day in 2024. currently, one incinerator in Semenyih is already operating at 700 tonnes per day and able to generate 8 MW and 5.5 used on site. Landfill site also produce landfill gas which can be harvested.

National Green technology Policy 2009

The national green policy is built based on these four pillars: 1. Energy seek to attain energy independence and promote efficient utilization 2. Environment: conserve and seek to enhance the natural environment and promote climate change mitigation measures 3. Economy: enhance the national economic development through the use of technology 4. Social: improve quality of life for all
To finance the RE initiative government introduce Feed-ion-tariff mechanics,

EMSC 5103 : Sustainable Construction

Feed-in-tariff, FiT
Finance Objective Feed-in-tariff is a mechanism that allows electricity produced from RE resources to be sold to power utilities at a fixed premium price and for a specific duration. To provide a conducive and secured investment environment which will make financial institution more comfortable in providing loans with longer period (at least 15 years) to finance the RE projects with a suitable digression rate over the years. It only pay for the electricity generated. A new RE ACT was introduced in 2011 to guarantee success and fair play. Sometimes it is better to have better design than to add on expensive technology. It is more cost effective to have low-energy bulbs, good control, draught-proofing or more insulation than installing RE technology especially in inefficient building. RPS Some of the countries introduce quota system also known as renewable portfolio standard RPS. RE generator are given green certificates which is tradable.

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FIT

EMSC 5103 : Sustainable Construction

FIT

EMSC 5103 : Sustainable Construction

FIT

EMSC 5103 : Sustainable Construction

FIT

EMSC 5103 : Sustainable Construction

EMSC 5103 : Sustainable Construction

Biomass technology
Energy is contained in plant matter and animal waste and can be burnt to provide electricity, heat or steam. If the source is chemical-free, then it is suitable to use the ashes from burnt materials. Main source are residue from pulp and paper operation, forests, agriculture, urban woodlands and animal waste, dried sludge. Some crops are grown organically and specifically to generate electricity., but the planting must exceed the usage.

Combustion burning Gasification - hot gas/steam to burn the biomass in order to release heat.

Solid waste
Municipal solid waste present another source of renewable energy source. it can either in the form of refused derived fuel RDF or by mass burn without sorting or baling. However it faces the public opposition from its potential air pollution.

EMSC 5103 : Sustainable Construction

EMSC 5103 : Sustainable Construction

Solar PV technology
Solar PV PV cells convert solar radiation into DC electricity and converted to AC using inverter for most purposes including export to the grid. the cost have fallen as take up rate for PV technology had increased. The cost of PV in UK 300 to 800 per m2. 10 m2 in southern England can have a power output of 1.5 kW. It can generate 4 kWh in midsummer in England. The main advantage of PV systems are that they are silent, have no moving parts and require minimal maintenance, and no emission. The cost is getting cheaper. Energy used to produce a crystalline silicon PV cell now equals 4 to 5 years of power generation. The expected lifetime on average is 20 30 years. I kW panel is estimated to save 0.5 1 tonne of co2 per year. Solar thermal is another function of solar radiation where it is used to heat up water. The energy available in UK is around 900 1300 kWh/m2.year. Flat plaster collectors consists of water carrying pipes in contact with an absorber surface.

Solar thermal

EMSC 5103 : Sustainable Construction

Wind energy technology
wind turbine are now used predominantly for electricity generation. Offshore and onshore wind farms provide electricity into grid. The connection to grid removes the need for battery storage Recent advances have lowered costs dramatically and increased performance and cheaper. Restriction on installation of wind power is to protect on migratory birds. The efficiency with which energy can be extracted is about 33% and cost 500 750 per kW output.

Fuel cells
Fuel cells run on hydrogen . The fuel cell consists of 2 electrodes sandwiched around an electrolyte. Oxygen passers over one electrode and hydrogen over the other. The fuel cless transfer chemical energy to DC by separating the proton and electron present in the hydrogen or in hydrocarbon fuel. Fuel cells can be combined as required. The production of hydrogen gas is energy intensive. A treuly zero emissions is possible only if renewable energy is used to release the hydrogen molecule from hydrogen.

EMSC 5103 : Sustainable Construction

biogas description
Biogas is a product of anaerobic process where the raw materials could be animal manure, food waste.

During the anaerobic process (without oxygen) microbes convert the organic matter into co2, without presence of oxygen. The energy source can be from food waste, agriculture waste, waste collected from restaurants, hotels i.e waste that have high content carbon and hydrogen. Biogas need to be cleansed before application,

Geothermal
Geothermal energy is derived from heat deep within the earth. it has huge potential ground spruce and heat pump system developed to make use of this energy. Wave and tidal energy The main advantage of wave and tidal power are the large enegy fluxes available and predictability of conditions. Two types: the salter duck designed soc that a wave approaches the beak of the device, making it oscillate. the oscillating water column exploits the amplitude of wave, it forces the water level to rise and fall in a vertical cylinder, compressing and decompressing enclosed air. The air is fed into a special turbine that rotates regardless the direction of the air.

EMSC 5103 : Sustainable Construction

Sustainable construction aims to reduce construction impacts via various way. Application of renewable energy in construction able to reduce fossil based energy consumption. The most potential RE source for construction project is PV and biomass and biogas. Low carbon development design to minimize waste generation at the same time, use waste as source of energy . It is important too to install energy efficiency fixtures. Minimise water usage is another option such as installing water efficiency pipe, valves etc or by recycling grey water. It will reduce sewage treatment requirement which indirectly reduce energy consumption. In conclusion: This course introduces the rationale for sustainable construction the impacts of construction. We also look into green construction, from design stage to completion. The rating tool for green building and also green township. It also include the concept of RE and its relation to construction.