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GERM CELLS
The germ cells migrate from the endoderm of the yolk sac in the region of the hindgut56weeks gestation Rapid mitotic division 20weeks 7 million 28weeks / 7 months some enter prophase of 1st meiotic division PRIMARY OOCYTE(PO) PO gets surrounded by flat cells called pregranulosa cells PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE(PF).
Total oocyte at 20weeks intrauterine = 6-7 million At birth PF = 2 million PO At puberty = 400-thousand PO (rest becomes atretic) Entire reproductive life = only 400 PO ovulate thus completing the 1st meiotic division that started in-utero.
MATURATION
It is the mid-cycle LH surge that initiates the resumption of meiosis-1. PO completes the first meiotic division Secondary Oocyte (SO) + 1st Polar Body SO = 23X formation of SO occurs with the full maturation of the Graafian follicle (GF) SO IMMEDIATELY begins the 2nd meiotic division but stops at Metaphase COMPLETION of 2nd meiotic division occurs only AFTER fertilization by a sperm in the fallopian tube. If SO does Not fertilize it does not complete the 2nd meiotic division and DEGENERATES.
OOCYTE MORPHOLOGY
Oocyte enlarges with increased follicular maturation till just prior to ovulation measuring:
130 microns Corona radiata forms from granulosa cells Outer envelope Glycoprotein layer Zona pellucida(Z) Vitelline membrane(VM) limits the cytoplasm Perivitelline space(PVS) intervening space between Zona and Vitelline membrane
Meiosis re-initiated shortly before ovulation After completion of the 1st and 2nd meiotic division chromosome number 23X 2 polar bodies(PB) are pushed in the PVSpace 1st PB formed just prior to ovulation 2nd PB formed just after fertilization
Recruitment(Preantral phase)
Initially not Gonadotropin(Gn) dependant >2-5mm growth controlled by FSH Pre-granulosa cells on the outside of oocyte acquire FSH receptors called Granulosa cells(GC) Theca interna starts to differentiate
Maturing Ovum in Maturing Graafian Follicle Mature Graafian Follicle Follicular Fluid
>D8 GC acquire LH receptors midcycle LH surge Ovulation Antral follicle formation in theca interna called Graafian follicle(GF) Following Ovulation luteinisation of GC to form Corpus Luteum(CL) + progesterone secretion
OVULATION
Estradiol > 200pg/ml LH surge Ovulation 10-12hours after LH Peak or 24-36 hours after onset of LH surge LH surge stimulates completion of the reduction division of the oocyte + granulosa cell luteinization GC luteinization progesterone increasesthe +ve feedback action FSH surge
Ovulated Ovum
Blood Clot Corona Radiata
OVULATION
Cumulus escapes out by a slow oozing process Causes :
Endocrinal
LH surge Completes meiotic division of oocyte Initiates luteinisation of GC(granulosa cells) Initiates synthesis of progesterone & PG FSH rise Increase in plasmin lysis of follicle wall
Ovulation
EFFECTS OF OVULATION
GF changed to CL Ovum is picked up by fallopian tube degenerates / fertilizes
CORPUS LUTEUM
Life cycle divided into 4 stages:
Proliferation Vascularisation Maturation Regression
D22-23 of cycle Vacuolation in cells Deposition of fat in the lutein cells Lutein cells atrophy Corpus luteum becomes corpus albicans
HORMONES & CL
FSH induces LH receptors in granulosa cells of DF After Mid-cycle LH surge if no fertilization no LH maintainence CL regresses Low level prolactin role unclear Life span of CL = 12-14 days
HORMONES SECRETED BY CL
PROGESTERONE ESTROGEN INHIBIN RELAXIN
FOLLICULAR ATRESIA
Begins at 20 weeks intra-uterine and ends at Menopause May affect a follicle at any stage Changes in the ovum
Hyaline and fatty degeneration Liquor follicluli absorbed Follicle collapses eventually Exact factor and cause of atresia UNKNOWN