SEISMIC VIBRATION MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

DETERMINATION OF DISPLACMENT AND ACCELERATION FOR SEISMIC VIBRATION

CONSTRUCTION
Assume the vibrations of the body are a singlefrequency harmonic of the form ---------- (3.109) The displacement of the seismic mass relative to the vibrating body is ---------- (3.110) where

where (r, ) is defined by Eq (3.34) and r =/n , where n and t are the natural frequency and damping ratio of the transducer.

CONSTRUCTION
Figure 3.14 shows that is approximately 1 for large r(r3).

In this case the amplitude of the relative displacement which is monitored by the transducer is approximately the same as the vibration amplitude of the body. From figure 3.10, it is noted that for large r, is approximately .
Thus for large r, the transducer response is approximately that of the response to be measured, but out of phase by radians.

CONSTRUCTION
A seismic transducer that requires a large frequency ratio for accurate measurement is called a seismometer.

A large frequency ration requires a small natural frequency for the transducer. This, in turn, requires a large seismic mass and a very flexible spring.
Because of the required size for accurate measurement, seismometers are not practical for many applications.

The percentage error in using a seismic transducer is

--------When using a seismometer the percentage error is --------(3.112) (3.111)

CONSTRUCTION
The acceleration of the body is ------- (3.113)

Noting that Z/Y = (r,) and = r2 M (r,) leads to

------- (3.114) Comparing Eq. (3.110) to Eq. (3.114) makes it apparent that ------- (3.115) The negative sign in Eq. (3.114) is taken into account in Eq. (3.115) by subtracting from the phase. For small r, M(r, ) is approximately 1, and ------- (3.116)

CONSTRUCTION
The seismic mass must be small and the spring stiffness must be large. The error in using an accelerometer is
------ (3.117) Considering the measurement of the vibration of a multi frequency vibration, ------ (3.118) According to the theory of Fourier Series Representation of Periodic Function, the displacement of a seismic mass relative to the housing of a seismic instrument is ------ (3.119)

CONSTRUCTION
Accelerometer are used only when r 1. In this frequency range, the phase shift is approximately linear with r for = 0.7 (see figure 3.10). Then
------- (3.120)

where is the constant of proportionality. Using Eq. (3.120) in Eq. (3.119) leads to

------- (3.121)