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PROCESSES OF DEVELOPMENT
Erik Erikson
- Psychoanalyst working under Freud - Did not accept Freuds argument that psychosexual stage is the key to understanding development
(1/2 year)
ATTACHMENT
Emotional bond between infant and caregiver 1.CONTACT COMFORT ( Maslows Monkeys ) 2. IMPRINTING 3. SECURE ATTACHMENT (visual cliff expt
and ainsworths experiment)
TEMPERAMENT
DIMENSIONS
TEMPERAMENT
1. EASY CHILD
Usually in positive mood Establish regular routines Adapts easily to environment
2. DIFFICULT CHILD
Tend to react negatively; Cry frequently Irregular daily routines Slow to accept environment
3. SLOW-TO-WARM-UP CHILD
Somewhat negative, low intensity of mood Low acivity level Low adaptability
PARENTING
1.Authoritarian
2.Authoritative 3.Neglectful
4.Indulgent
AUTHORITARIAN
Value hardwork Restrict and punish Orders not questioned Little verbal exchange
Insecurity; Compare themselves with others Lack of initiative Poor communication skills
AUTHORITATIVE Independence within limits Warmth and nurturance Verbal give and take Social competence Self-reliance Social responsibility
Strong needs for parents to care for them Independent Less competent Poor self-control
Disrespect for others; Expect to get their own way Poor social competence Poor self-control
MORAL DEVELOPMENT
MORAL DEVELOPMENT
1. Preconventional
Stage 1: Obedience/Punishment Stage 2: Exchange/Reward
2. Conventional
Stage 3: Pleasing others/ Being nice Stage 4: Following rules/ Doing duty
3. Postconventional
Stage 5: Public Good/ Differing values and opinion of others Stage 6: Universal ethical principles and abstract reasoning/ Internalized principles of justice
MORAL DEVELOPMENT
ADVANCED MORAL DEVELOPMENT DUE TO: 1. Maturation of thought 2. Opportunities for role taking 3. Opportunities to discuss moral issues with a person in a higher stage
* parents contribute little because of the power oriented parent-child relationship
GENDER DEVELOPMENT
Biology Environment