DEFINITION OF MOTIVATION

MOTIVATION REFERS TO : The direction of an individual's behaviour; that is, what one chooses to do when several alternatives are available. The strength of the behaviour once a choice is made; and The persistence of the behaviour.

Motivation Theories
Content
The Hierarchy Of Needs Two Factor (Motivation - Hygiene) Theory McGregor's Theory X and Y

Process
Skinner's Operant Conditioning Theory Vroom's Expectancy Theory

Equity Theory

THE HIERACHY OF NEEDS

by A H Maslow. individuals fulfilled needs in ascending order.

TWO-FACTOR THEORY (MOTIVATION-HYGIENE)

Ferderick Herzberg suggested that factors influencing behaviour on a job can be classified into

MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS
Motivational factors, such as achievement and responsibility are related directly to the job itself, the employee's performance on in, and the recognition and growth that is secured from it.

MAINTENCE / HYGIENE FACTORS

Maintenance/hygiene are related to the environment external to the job. e.g. company policy and working conditions as well as interpersonal relations with others. They do not increase motivation when they are not satisfied.

MCGREGOR'S THEORY X AND THEORY Y

THEORY X
(1) A typical person has an inherent dislike for work and will avoid it if possible. (2) He must be coerced, controlled, directed and threatened with punishment to get them put forth adequate effort towards the achievement of organisational objectives. (3) The average person has relatively little ambition, dislike responsibility, and wants security above all.

THEORY Y
People enjoy work as naturally as they enjoy play. People are not by nature lazy or resistance to organisational needs. They are capable of excising self-control and self-direction if they are motivated to achieve a goal. Under proper conditions, the average person not only accepts but also seek responsibility.

People's potential abilities are under utilised.

SKINNER'S OPERANT CONDITIONING

People are what they are because of their environment, not because of any internal drives, needs, or other unexplainable influences. An operant response is the desired behaviour probability followed by a pleasant experience. Since we prefer pleasure to pain, the subject repeats that which brings pleasure

Expectancy Model
Effort leads to performance Performance leads to reward Rewards available Effort level Knowledge , skills Peformance Reward

Job constraints, role perception

Perception

$100

$50

10 hrs work

5 hrs work

As Perception : Were being treated equally

$80

$50

10 hrs work

5 hrs work

As Perception : Im getting less than what I deserve