Circulatory System

Chapters 13 & 14

I. Cardiac physiology II. Blood vessels III. Blood

I. Cardiac Physiology
1. Heart structure
A. B. C. D. E. Circulatory pathways Chambers Valves Heart beat Cardiac cycle

2. Electrical activity of the heart

A. Pacemaker B. Other cardiac cells C. Conduction of the impulse within the heart

3. Control of heart rate 4. Nourishment & protection of the heart

1.

Heart Structure

A. Two circulatory pathways

1. Pulmonary from the __ 2. Systemic from the ___ Systemic
Heart

Pulmonary

A.

Circulatory Pathways
Oxygen poor _______ from body _____ _________ To right ventricle Pumped through pulmonary arteries to ____ Gas exchange occurs between capillaries and ______ Oxygen diffuses from __________ Carbon dioxide from _______ to air Oxygen rich _______ returns to left atrium through the _____________

1. Pulmonary Circulation

A.

Circulatory Pathways

2. Systemic Circulation
_______ from left atrium to ___________ Pumped from left ventricle to ____

Left _______ does 6x more work

Left _______ 3x thicker Aorta carries O2 rich _______ to all organ systems Veins of body drain into 2 large veins ______ Vena cava return Oxygen depleted _______ to _______

B. Heart has 4 chambers

1. Right & left atria Receive _______ from the ____________ Pump _______ to the arterial system away from ___ Muscular wall separating two ______________ Prevents mixing of _______ from two ___________ 2. Right & left ventricles

3. Septum

C.

Heart Has 4 Valves

Two Atrioventricular valves (AV) Two Semilunar valves

1) Atrioventricular valves (AV) _______ flows through valve one way Open & close due to _______ differences _______ flows into atrium _______ in atrium exceeds _______ in ventricle Causes AV valve to open Ventricle contracts & _______ > _______ in atrium AV valves close Between each atrium & ventricle Right side has 3 flaps tricuspid valve Left side has 2 flaps bicuspid valve

C.

Four Heart Valves

One between right ventricle and pulmonary artery (PA) One between left ventricle and aorta Open when ventricle contracts _______ flows out of ventricles When _______ in PA or aorta > _______ in ventricles, they close

2) Semilunar valves

Heart valves open & close in response to _______

_______ flows through valves into 4 heart chambers based on ______

D.

Heart Beat

1. Heart beats in a repeated pattern of contraction & relaxation (cardiac cycle) 2. Systole phase of heart contraction 3. Diastole phase of relaxation 4. Heart is a two-phase pump
Right & left atria contract almost simultaneously Both ventricles contract shortly after

E. Cardiac Cycle
When atria & ventricles are relaxed venous _______ fills the atria _______ in atria builds & AV valves open _______ flows from atria into ventricles Ventricles contract (systole) pumping 2/3 of _______ out Ventricles relax & _______ flows in atria (diastole) Cycle is about 0.8 seconds (0.5 diastole, 0.3 systole)

Cardiac Physiology
1. Heart structure
A. B. C. D. E. Circulatory pathways Chambers Valves Heart beat Cardiac cycle _______ changes Heart sounds

2. Electrical activity of the heart

A. Pacemaker B. Other cardiac cells C. Conduction of the impulse within the heart

3. Control of heart rate 4. Nourishment & protection of the heart

Pressure Changes During the Cardiac Cycle

1. Heart in diastole (relaxed) _______ in aorta is 80 mm Hg 2. Ventricles contract, AV valves close ventricle _______ to 120mmHg 3. Semilunar valves open & _______ flows into pulmonary artery & aorta 4. Ventricle volume decreases _______ decreases semilunar closes 5. Aorta _______ to 120 mm Hg, ventricle _______ falls to 0 mm Hg 6. _______ flows from aorta to distant arteries & aorta _______ falls to 80 5 1 6

Pressure changes cont

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. AV & semilunar valves both now closed Atria fills with blood, _______ in atria becomes > than in ventricles AV valves open & ventricles rapidly fill with _______ Heart in diastole (relaxed) Atria contract & final amount of _______ emptied into ventricles Ventricles begin contraction (systole)

Blood _______ in aorta (pumped in from left ventricle)

During systole (contraction) 120 mmHg During diastole (relaxed) 80 mm Hg Blood _______ 120/80 (systolic/diastolic)

Similar events occur in right ventricle & pulmonary artery

During systole 25 mm Hg During diastole 8 mm Hg

Measuring _______ ______

Ventricular _______ carried to arteries in arm

Heart Sounds During Cardiac Cycle

1. Closing of heart valves produces sounds (lubb dupp) 2. First sound (lubb)
Produced by closing of AV valves When ventricles contract at systole

3. Second sound (dupp)

Produced by closing of semilunar valves When ventricles relax at beginning of diastole

4. Heart murmurs
Due to abnormal flow of _______ Defective heart valves Often caused by rheumatic fever _______ regurgitates through valve that does not completely close Holes in septum

Cardiac Cycle - Summary

Cardiac Physiology
1. Heart structure
A. B. C. D. E. Circulatory pathways Chambers Valves Heart beat Cardiac cycle Pressure changes Heart sounds

2. Electrical activity of the heart

A. Pacemaker B. Other cardiac cells C. Conduction of the impulse within the heart

3. Control of heart rate 4. Nourishment & protection of the heart

A. Pacemaker
1. Cardiac cells are connected in masses = myocardia
A single functioning unit Action potential from one cell can be transmitted to all the others Atrial myocardium separated from ventricular myocardium Atrial myocardium stimulated before ventricular myocardium

A. Pacemaker
2. Sinoatrial node (SA node)
One region of the heart demonstrates spontaneous electrical activity Called sinoatrial node Functions as _______ for heart beat Located in the right atrium

A. Pacemaker
3. Pacemaker potential
_______ cells do not have typical resting membrane potential Have a slow spontaneous depolarization during diastole Potential begins at -60 mV & depolarizes to threshold (-40 mV) At threshold an action potential is produced in _______ cells

3. Pacemaker potential
Depolarization is produced by Ca++
Ca++ diffuses into _______ cells through slow calcium channels Threshold is reached slowly Once threshold reached fast Ca++ channels open Ca++ rapidly diffuses into cells Opening of Na+ gated channels also contributes to depolarization

Repolarization
Produced by opening of K+ channels & outward flow of K+ New _______ potential begins when cells repolarize to 60 mV

Cardiac Physiology
1. Heart structure
A. B. C. D. E. Circulatory pathways Chambers Valves Heart beat Cardiac cycle Pressure changes Heart sounds

2. Electrical activity of the heart

A. Pacemaker B. Other cardiac cells C. Conduction of the impulse within the heart

3. Control of heart rate 4. Nourishment & protection of the heart