Streams and IO

Streams are pipe like constructors used for providing IO. When a programmer needs to handle input from or output to external entities,then streams are used by c++. The stream is the central concept of the iostream classes

Output streams
An output stream object is a destination for bytes. The three most important output stream classare ostream, ofstream, and ostrstream. The ostream class, through the derived class basic_ostream, supports the predefined stream objects:cout standard output cerr standard error with limited buffering clog similar to cerr but with full buffering

Input streams
An input stream object is a source of bytes. The three most important input stream classes are istream, ifstream, and istrstream The istream class is best used for sequential text-mode input. You can configure objects of class istream for buffered or unbuffered operation. All functionality of the base class,ios, is included in istream. You will rarelconstruct objects from class istream. Instead, you will generally use the

Formatting I/O
Formatting using Ios functions Width()-It specifies the width for display.the output will take up the width specified.used in alignng vertical column of numeric items. Precision()-It specifies the precision of the floating point number.Default precision is six digits after decimal point Fill()-it specifies the character for filling up the unused prion of the field.It is usually usd with the width member function. Setf()-The function specifies the format flags that controls output display like left or right justification,padding after sign symbol,scientific notation display,displaying abse of the number Unsetf()-This function provides undo operation for above mentioned operations with setf.

Member functions of Ios

.The prototype of the function is <old value of stream>function name<specified new value>
The functions set new value to the stream and retutn value.The width function sets new width to the argument specified and returns old width.,The precision function sets new precision and returns old precision.

I/O manipulators

Manipulators are special functions for formatting The choice between manipulators and ios functions to solve formatting problems sometimes depends upon the user. Equivalent manipulators for some of the io functions are: Setw(),setprecision(),setfill(),setiosflags(),rese tiosflags().

Difference between ios and manipulators

Unlike Ios,manipulators do not return the previous status Manipulators can write our own manipulator and use it in the programmarksheet printing program can use it for printing Ios functions are singleThey cannot be combined to have multiple effects together.When a large set of formatting options are used,manipulators are used to write and produce more readable code. Ios functions need <iotsream>whereas manipulators need <iomanip>.

Example program

#include <iostream.h> #include <fstream.h> /* * Input using cin

*/
int main () { char myline[256];

Object Serialization

Object Serialization
Simple persistence method which provides a program the ability to read or write a whole object to and from a stream of bytes Allows Java objects to be encoded into a byte stream suitable for streaming to a file on disk or over a network The class must implement the Serializable interface (java.io.Serializable), which does not declare any methods, and have accessors and mutators for its attributes

Object Serialization :example pgm

// create output stream File file = new File("teams_serialize.ser"); String fullPath = file.getAbsolutePath(); fos = new FileOutputStream(fullPath); // open output stream and store

Object persistence
One of the most critical tasks that applications have to perform is to save and restore data Persistence is the storage of data from working memory so that it can be restored when the application is run again In object-oriented systems, there are several ways in which objects can be made persistent The choice of persistence method is an

C++ Namespaces
A mechanism for logically grouping declarations and definitions into a common declarative region

C++ Namespaces
The contents of the namespace can be accessed by code inside or outside the namespace
Use the scope resolution operator to access elements from outside the namespace Alternatively, the using declaration allows the names of the elements to be used directly

C++ Namespaces
Creating a namespace
namespace smallNamespace { int count = 0; void abc(); } //end smallNamespace

Using a namespace
using namespace smallNamespace; count +=1; abc();

STD Namespaces
Items declared in the C++ Standard Library are declared in the std namespace C++ include files for several functions are in the std namespace
To include input and output functions from the C++ library, write
include <iostream> using namespace std;

Ansi string objects

The ANSI string class implements a first- class character string data type that avoids many problems associated with simple character arrays ("C-style strings"). You can define a string object very simply, as shown in the following example

Ansi string class syntax pgm

#include <string> using namespace std; ... string first_name = "Bjarne"; string last_name; last_name = "Stroustrup"; string names = first_name + " " + last_name; cout << names << endl; names = last_name + ", " + first

" + first_name; cout << names << endl;

Ansi string class member functions

Member functions The string class defines many member functions. A few of the basic ones are described below: A string object may defined without an initializing value, in which case its initial value is an empty string (zero length, no characters): string str1; A string object may also be initialized with a string expression: string str2 = str1; string str3 = str1 + str2; string str4 (str2); // Alternate form a character string literal: string str4 = "Hello there";

Standard Template Library

The standard template library (STL) contains
Containers Algorithms Iterators

A container is a way that stored data is organized in memory, for example an array of elements. Algorithms in the STL are procedures that are applied to containers to process their data, for example search for an element in an array, or sort an array.

Containers, Iterators, Algorithms

Algorithms use iterators to interact with objects stored in containers
Container Container Algorithm Iterator Iterator Algorithm Iterator

Iterator
Objects

Algorithm

Containers
A container is a way to store data, either built-in data types like int and float, or class objects The STL provides several basic kinds of containers
<vector> : one-dimensional array <list> : double linked list <deque> : double-ended queue <queue> : queue <stack> : stack <set> : set

Sequence Containers
A sequence container stores a set of elements in sequence, in other words each element (except for the first and last one) is preceded by one specific element and followed by another, <vector>, <list> and <deque> are sequential containers In an ordinary C++ array the size is

Sequence Containers
<list> is a double linked list (each element has points to its successor and predecessor), it is quick to insert or delete elements but has slow random access <deque> is a double-ended queue, that means one can insert and delete elements from both

Associative Containers
An associative container is non-sequential but uses a key to access elements. The keys, typically a number or a string, are used by the container to arrange the stored elements in a specific order, for example in a dictionary the entries are ordered alphabetically.

Associative Containers
A <set> stores a number of items which contain keys The keys are the attributes used to order the items, for example a set might store objects of the class Person which are ordered alphabetically using their name A <map> stores pairs of objects: a key object and

Iterators
Iterators are pointer-like entities that are used to access individual elements in a container. Oftenvector<int> they are used to move sequentially fromarray_ element to element, a process called 17 vector<int>::iterator iterating through a container.
4

23
12 size_ 4

The iterator corresponding to the class vector<int> is of the type vector<int>::iterator

Iterators
One can have multiple iterators pointing to different or identical elements in the container vector<int> v
array_

17
4 23

i1 i2

12
size_ 4 i3

#include <vector> #include <iostream> int arr[] = { 12, 3, 17, 8 }; // standard C array vector<int> v(arr, arr+4); // initialize vector with C array for (vector<int>::iterator i=v.begin(); i!=v.end(); i++) // initialize i with pointer to first element of v // i++ increment iterator, move iterator to next element

Iterators

File handling in C++

Introduction to File Handling
Data entered once, required later again Same Data to be used by others Data required again by the same program

Files and Streams

I/O Streams
Description Stream
cin Standard input stream cout Standard output stream cerr Standard error stream

ofstream
Output file stream Class open() is a member function of the class ofstream Inherited functions of ofstream class, from the class ostream are
put() write() seekp() tellp()

fstream
It supports files for simultaneous input and output fstream is derived from
ifstream ofstream iostream

They are parent classes and fstream is the child class Member functions of the class fstream
open close close all seekg seekp tellg tellp

//This program creates a file called message.dat //Required for file #include <fstream.h> I/O int main() { ofstream myfile (message.dat); If (!myfile) { //check if the file is opened or not cout<<"\n Cannot open this file"; return 1; } myfile <<When an apple fell, Newton was disturbed

Function in C++
Function Prototype Function Call Function Definition