Torsion

introduction
A moment acting about a
longitudinal axis of the
member is called a torque,
twisting moment or torsional
moment, T.
Torsion may arise as the
result of:
(a) Primary or equilibrium
torsion: occurs when the
external load has no
alternative to being resisted
but by torsion. Examples:
curved girders and the
three structures shown in
Figure.

introduction
secondary or compatibility torsion:
in statically indeterminate
structures from the requirements
of continuity. Neglecting this
torsion will not cause problems
because: (1) the shear and
moment capacities of the beam
are not reduced by small amounts
of torque, and (2) the stressing of
adjacent members as the beam
twists permit a redistribution of
forces to these members and
reduces the torque that must be
supported by the beam.

Examples of torsion
1. Floor systems: compatibility torque
(perimeter beams supporting one or two way
slab systems).
2. Floor system: equilibrium torque (circular
beams).
3. Circular tie beams in mosques.



Analyze the shown structure

BM slab
BM diagrams
Axial force
Mx
My
Torsion diagram
Shearing stresses due to torsion in
un-cracked members
Torsion subject is usually neglected in teaching courses of
strength of materials. The average designer does not worry
about torsion although most structures are subjected to
torsional stresses. However, reducing the factor of safety over
the past years resulted in increasing situations were torsional
failures occur with the result that torsion is a more common
problem. The following is an introduction to the elastic torsion
theory as given in mechanics of materials books.
Behavior of Circular Sections
Although circular sections are rarely a consideration in normal
concrete construction, a brief discussion serves as a good
introduction to the torsional behavior of other types of sections.
The basic assumptions are:
1. Plane sections perpendicular to the axis of a circular member
remains plane after torque is applied.
2. Radii of section stay straight (without warping).
As a result of applying the torsion shearing stresses
are set up on cross
sections perpendicular
to the axis of the bar as
shown in Fig.

Behavior of Circular Sections
Shear stress is equal to shear strain times the
shear modulus in the elastic range. If r is the
radius of the element, J = r
4
/2 its polar
moment of inertia, and t
max
is the maximum
elastic shearing stress due to elastic twisting
moment T, then from basic strength
(mechanics) of material courses


max
r
T
=
J
t
Behavior of rectangular sections
Such sections do not fall under the assumptions stated before.
They warp when a torque is applied and radii don't stay straight.
As a result axial as well as circumferential shearing stresses are
generated. For a rectangular member, the corner elements do
not distort at all (t
corners
=0) and the maximum shear stresses
occur at the midpoints of the long sides as shown in Figure.
These complications plus the fact that reinforced
concrete sections are neither homogeneous nor
isotropic make it difficult to develop exact
mathematical formulations based on the physical
models.


Behavior of rectangular sections
From the mathematical theory of elasticity the magnitude of
the maximum shear stress t, at midpoint of the long side, due
to a torque T as a function of the ratio y to x (long to short
sides) is given by



Where varies from 0.208 for y/x=1 (square bar) to 0.333 for
y/x= (infinity wide plate)

max
2
T
=
y
x
t
o
Hollow members
Consider a thin-wall tube subjected to a torsion T as shown in
Fig. 8.5. If the thickness of the tube is not constant and varies
along the perimeters of the tube, then equilibrium of an
element like that shown in Figure b requires:


Where q is referred to as the shear flow and is constant.

2
AB 1 1 2 2 1 1 2
CD
= V dx = dx = q
V t t t t
t
t t t
=
Hollow members
In order to relate the shear flow q to the torque T, consider an
element of length ds as shown. This element is subjected to a force
qds and


but rds = twice the area of the shaded
triangle, then



where A
o
is the area enclosed by the middle of the wall of the tube.
From the above equation t
max
occurs where t is the least.

P
T = rqdx }
2
o
o
q T
T = q =
A
t 2A t
t =
Examples
Read example 7.1 in textbook
Example 2: compute the shear stress, t, at the wall and at the
lower flange in the section shown below, due to an applied
torque of 1000kN.m.
Principal stresses due
to torsion
Principal tensile stresses eventually cause
cracking that spirals around the body, as
Shown by the line A-B-C-D-E
In reinforced concrete such a crack would
Cause failure unless it was crossed by
reinforcement. This generally takes the form
of longitudinal bars in the corners and closed
stirrups.
Principal stresses due to
torsion and shear
The two shear stresses components add on one
side face (front side) and counteract each other
on the other. As the result inclined cracking
starts on AB and extends across the flexural
tensile face. If bending moments are large, the
cracks will extend almost vertically across the
back face. The flexural compression zone near
the bottom prevents the cracks from extending
full height.
Behavior of RC members subjected to torsion
When a concrete member is loaded in
pure torsion, shear stresses develop.
One or more cracks (inclined) develop
when the maximum principal tensile
stress reaches the tensile strength
of concrete. The onset of cracking
causes failure of an unreinforced
Member. Furthermore the addition of longitudinal steel without
stirrups has little effect on the strength of a beam loaded in pure
torsion because it is effective only in resisting the longitudinal
component of the diagonal tension forces.
A rectangular beam with longitudinal bars in the corners and closed
stirrups can resist increased load after cracking as shown in figure.
Behavior of RC members subjected to torsion
After the cracking of a reinforced beam, failure may occur in
several ways. The stirrups, or longitudinal reinforcement, or both,
may yield, or, for beams that are over-reinforced in torsion, the
concrete between the inclined cracks may be crushed by the
principal compression stresses prior to yield of the steel. The more
ductile behavior results when both
reinforcements yield prior to crushing of the
concrete.
Figure shows that ultimate strength of
rc beams were the same for solid and hollow
beams having the same reinforcement.
Combined torsion,
moment and shear
Test results for beams without stirrups
loaded with various ratios of torsion
and shear are plotted in figure. The
lower envelope of data is given as:




Where V
cu
=inclined cracking shear in the absence of torque.
T
cu
= the cracking torque in the absence of shear.


2 2
( ) ( ) 1
c c
cu cu
T V
=
T V
+
Space Truss Analogy
Theory
Assumptions:
1. Both solid and hollow members
are considered as tubes.
2. After cracking the tube is
idealized as a hollow truss
consisting of closed stirrups,
longitudinal bars in the corners,
and compression diagonals
approximately centered on the
stirrups. The diagonals are
idealized as being between the
cracks that are at angle u, generally
taken as 45 degrees for RC.
The cracking pure torsion
Knowing that the principal tensile stress equal to the shear stress for
elements subjected to pure shear, thus the concrete will crack when
the shear stress equal to the tensile capacity of cross section. If we
use conservatively 0.333fc as tensile strength of concrete in biaxial
tension-compression, and remembering that A
o
must be some
fraction of the area enclosed by the outside perimeter of the full
concrete cross section A
cp
. Also, the value of t can, in general, be
approximated as a fraction of the ratio A
cp
/P
cp
, where P
cp
is the
perimeter of the cross section. Then, assuming a value of A
o

approximately equal to 2 A
cp
/3, and a value of t=3 A
cp
/4P
cp
. Using
these values in Eq. above yields:

Note: tensile strength under biaxial
compression And tension is less than in uniaxial tension (0.67).

o
q T
=
t 2A t
t =
2
3
cp c
cr
cp
A f
T =
p
The cracking torsion
In combined shear and torsion, if T=0.25Tcr , the reduction in the
inclined cracking shear is:

This was deemed to be negligible.
The threshold torsion below which torsion can be ignored in a solid
cross section is:

For isolated beam, A
cp
is the area enclosed by the perimeter of the
section including the area of any holes. P
cp
is the perimeter of the
section. For a beam cast monolithically with
the floor slab, ACI 11.5.1 defines the
overhanging flange width to be included in
the calculation of A
cp
and P
cp
as shown
2 2
( ) ( ) 1
c c
cu cu
T V
=
T V
+
2
0.25
( ) 1 ( ) 0.97
c cr
cu cr
V T
=
V T
=
2
12
cp c
cr
cp
A f
T =
p

The cracking torsion

Note: a lower limit (one fourth of derived) is placed for finding Tcr
in the previous equation for conservative purposes to deal with
equilibrium torsion. The derived value is permitted according to
ACI code for compatibility torsion.

Thin-walled hollow sections
The interaction diagram between shear and torsion approaches a
straight line as A
g
/A
cp
decreases. Where A
g
is the area of concrete
only in a cross section and A
cp
is the total area enclosed by the
perimeter. As a result, a value of T=0.25T
cr
would reduce the
inclined cracking shear to 0.75V
cr
. So the ACI code replaces A
cp
in
the previous equation of T
th

for solid section with A
g
, so




2
12
g c
cr
cp
A f
T =
p

Area of stirrups for torsion

Reinforced concrete beams subjected to torsion will have a decrease
in torsional strength after concrete cracks to about half of that of the
uncracked member, the remainder being now resisted by the
reinforcement. As the section approaches the ultimate load, the
concrete outside the stirrups cracks and begins to spall off. Thus, the
area enclosed by the dimensions x
o
and y
o
is now the one that resists
torsion. The x
o
and y
o
dimensions as shown in Figure a are measured
to the centerline of the outermost closed transverse reinforcement
and hence the gross area A
oh
= x
o
y
o
and the shear perimeter p
h
= 2(x
o

+ y
o
).
Referring to Figure b, the
torsional resistance can be
represented as the sum of the
contributions of the shears in each
of the four walls of the equivalent hollow tube.


Following a procedure similar to that used for shear, the quilibrium
of a section of the vertical wall with one edge parallel to a torsional
crack with angle can be evaluated
using the shown Figure as:



y
n i o x o
T T (x /2) V ( /2) y
V
= = +
2
cot
t yt
o
t yt
y
A f
= n
V A f
s
u =
Area of stirrups for torsion
Where: A
t
= area of one stirrup leg of a closed stirrup.
= yield strength of transverse reinforcement
s = stirrup spacing.
Combining previous two
equations gives:

It has been found experimentally that, after cracking, the effective
area enclosed by the shear flow path is somewhat less than the value
of x
o
y
o
=A
oh
, instead ACI recommends using 0.85 A
oh
with A
o

substituted for A
oh
. The value u may be taken between 30-60 degrees.
ACI 11.5.3.6 suggests that u may be taken as 45 degrees, because this
corresponds to the angle assumed in the derivation of the equation
for designing stirrups for shear.

yt
f
cot
t yv
o o
n
2 x y
A f
=
T
s
u
Torsional longitudinal
reinforcement
The longitudinal reinforcement
A
l
must be proportioned to
resist the longitudinal tension forces that occur in the space truss.
2
2 2
4
2 2
1
2
2
cot cot
2( ) cot cot
cot
cot cot
2 cot / 2
/
0.85 , cot
1.7
t yt
o
t yt t yt
h
l y
o o i
i
t yt
h
l
y
t yt
h n n h
l
y y
o t yt o
u u h
o oh n l
y
oh
y
A f
N V
s
p
A f A f
x y N N
A f
s s
p
A f
A
s
f
p T T p
A f
or
A
A A f s s A
f f
T T p
A A T A
A
f
u u
u u
u
u u
u

=
= =
+ = = = =
=
= =
= = =

Combined shear and torsion

The previous derivations for stirrups and longitudinal
reinforcement in space truss analogy assumed all the torsion was
carried by the reinforcement without any torsion carried by the
concrete. When shear and torsion act together, the 1995 and
subsequent ACI codes assume that:

V
n
= V
c
+ V
s


T
n
= T
s

Maximum shear and torsion
A serviceability failure may occur if the inclined cracks are too wide
at service loads. The limit on combined shear and torsion in ACI
11.5.3.1 was derived to limit the service-load crack widths.
For a hollow section as shown in Figure the two stresses add at A
and yield:

For a member with a soild section, experimental results shows that
above equation is overconservative, a better representation is given
by:

The combined shear stress due
to shear force and torsional
moment is limited to the same
criterion for shear capacity as explained in Chapter 6.

2
1.7
u u h
u
w oh
V T p
v =
b d A
+
2 2
2
( ) ( )
1.7
u u h
u
w oh
V T p
v =
b d A
+
Combined moment and torsion
As shown in figure below: in the tension zone tensile forces
add together contrary to compression zone. ACI 11.5.3.9
allows the area in compression zone to be reduced by an
amount equal to M
u
/0.9df
y
Design Procedure for Combined Shear,
Torsion and Moment
Step 1. Calculate the factored bending moment diagram or
envelope for the member.
Step 2. Select b, d, h and A
s
based on M
u
. Note: shallower wide-
beam sections are preferable to deep and narrow sections for
problems involving torsion.
Step 3. Given b and h, draw final M
u
, V
u
and T
u
diagrams or
envelopes. Calculate the reinforcement required for flexure.
Step 4. for a solid section if

Where =0.75, neglect torsion. Note: replaces A
cp
in the
previous equation with A
g
for thin walled sections.
2
12
cp c
u
cp
A f
T
p
|
s
Design Procedure for Combined Shear,
Torsion and Moment
Step 5: If the torsion is compatibility torsion, the maximum factored
torque may be reduced to

At sections d from the faces of the supports (the moments and
shears in the other members must be adjusted accordingly).
Equilibrium torsion cannot be adjusted.
Step 6: Check shear stresses in the section under combined torsion
and shear, for solid section if:


increase dimensions. The critical section for shear and torsion is
located a distance d from the face of the support.


2
3
cp c
u
cp
A f
T
p
|
s
2 2
2
2
( ) ( ) ( )
1.7 3
u u h c
c
w oh w
V T p V
f
b d A b d
+ > | +
Design Procedure for Combined Shear,
Torsion and Moment
For hollow sections


If the wall thickness varies, the equation is evaluated at the location
where the left-hand side is the greatest.
If a hollow section has a wall thickness, t, less than A
oh
/p
h
, ACI 11.5.3.3
requires that the actual wall thickness be used. Thus the second term
in the above equation becomes T
u
/(1.7A
oh
t)
Steps 7-9. Calculate the required transverse reinforcement for torsion
and shear:
Compute V
s
= V
u
/ - V
c
; then calc. A
v
/s=V
s
/f
yt
d where f
yt
s4,20MPa.
If increase the size of the cross section.


2
2
( )
1.7 3
u u h c
c
w oh w
V T p V
f
b d A b d
+ > | +
2
3
c s w
> d
V b f
Design Procedure for Combined Shear,
Torsion and Moment
Find:

Then combine shear and torsional transverse reinforcement for a
typical two-leg stirrup as:

Check minimum transverse reinforcement requirements:


Solve for the required spacing of closed stirrups s, and compare
it with p
h
/8 or 30cm maximum spacing for torsion (ACI
11.5.6.1) and d/2 or d/4 maximum spacing for shear.
t n
yt o
A T
=
s 2
f A
2
v t v t
A A A
=
s s s
+
+
2 0.062 , (0.35 )
v t yt yt w w
c
f s/ or s/
b b A A f f
+ >
Design Procedure for Combined Shear
Step 10: Compute longitudinal area of steel using the larger of:





Satisfy the spacing (should not exceed 30cm), and bar size
requirements (the diameter of longitudinal bar may not be less than
s/24 or 10mm). Torsion reinforcement must be symmetrically
distributed around all cross section and that part which needs to be
placed where A
s
is needed must be added to A
s
found in step 1.
Torsion reinforcement must be extended at least a distance d+b
t

beyond the section where



2
cot
t yt
h
l
y
p
A f
A
s
f
u =
,min
5
0.175
,
12
c cp yt
t t w
l
h
y y y
f A
A A b
f
p
A
s s t
f f f
= >
2
12
cp c
u
cp
A f
T
p
s
Additional remarks
1. Fy s420MPa to limit crack widths ACI 11.5.3.4
2. The transverse stirrup used for torsional reinforcement must
be of a closed form. The concrete outside the reinforcing cage is
not well anchored, and the shaded region will spall off if the
compression in the outer shell is large as shown in figure:

Additional remarks
Thus ACI 11.5.4.2 (a) requires
that stirrups or ties must be
anchored with a 135
o
hooks
around longitudinal bars if
the corner can spall. ACI
11.5.4.2 (b) allows the use of
a 90 degrees standard hook
if the concrete surrounding
the anchorage is restrained
against spalling by a flange or
a slab.

Additional remarks
3. If flanges are included in the computation of torsional strength
for T and L-shaped beams, closed torsional stirrups must be
provided in the flanges as shown in Figure.

Example 7.2
A cantilever beam 1.35m long supports its own dead load plus a
concentrated load located 0.15m from the end of the beam and
0.15m away from the centroidal axis of the beam as shown. The
beam supports its own dead load plus an unfactored
concentrated load which is 90kN dead load and 90kN live load.
Design reinforcement for flexure,
shear, and torsion.
Use f
y
= 420MPa for all steel
and f
c
= 21MPa.


Example 7.3
Redesign the beam in the previous example using a hollow cross
section. Try the section shown in figure below.

Example 7.4
The one-way joist system
shown in figure supports
A 16kN/m total factored load
applied directly to beam AB
including beam own weight.
The factored load on the slab
is 15kN/m
2
.
Design the end span AB of the exterior spandrel beam on grid line
1. Use f
y
= 420MPa for all steel and f
c
= 28MPa.

Homework 1
1. A cantilever beam 2.4m long and 450mm wide supports its
own dead load plus a concentrated load located 150mm from
the end of the beam and 115mm away from the vertical axis of
the beam. The concentrated load is 67kN dead load and 90kN
live load. Design reinforcement for flexure, shear, and torsion.
Use f
y
= 420MPa for all steel and f
c
= 26MPa.
2. Given the floor system shown in Fig. P7-3. f
c
=315MPa, f
y
=
420MPa for the longitudinal steel and f
y
= 280MPa for the
transverse steel :
a) Design the spandrel beam between columns A1 and B1 for
bending, shear, and torsion. Check all of the appropriate ACI
Code requirements for strength, minimum reinforcement area,
and reinforcement spacing are satisfied.



(b) Design the spandrel
beam between columns
A1 and A2 for bending,
shear, and torsion.
Check that all of the
appropriate ACI Code
requirements for
strength, minimum
reinforcement area, and
reinforcement spacing
are satisfied.