Water Supply Distribution Net Work

1
2-Course objective
1. WATSAN proposals technical problems decreasing. 2. WATSAN projects technical check acceleration. 3. PMUs engineers capacity building. 4. Technical communication. 5. WATSAN projects package creation 6. WATSAN projects management creation. 7. Approach to the site ignorance technical problems 8. Shearing experiences. 9. Release to the proposal technical checking in HQ 10. Logistic procedure decreasing of the proposals.
Training Contains
I.
: GROUND WATER HYDROGEOLOGY. II. : WATER SUPPLY NETWORK. iii.:WATER SANITATION
ii. Ground Water hydrology

1. Geology.
Part of geology.
Construction geology. Dynamical geology. Historical geology. Crust or upper layer of earth. Mantai or middle layers of Earth. Core or central layers of Earth.
Earth layers.

Stereography and geochronology
2.
General information of rocks:

Magma tic rocks. Metamorphic rocks. Sedimentary rocks. Rocks properties effecting ground water.
Ground Water hydrology

Historical Development of geology

Earth Layers

Historical Cycle geological

Type of Magma tic Rock

Unconsolidated Rocks

Type of prosity

3. Water:
Water sources Surface water. Ground water.
4. Hydrology:
Hydrology cycle. Precipitation. Evaporation. Transpiration Run off. Drainage area.

Hydrologic Cycle

Drainage Area of River

Subsurface Water Division

Aquifers Perched

Unconfined & confined aquifers
5. Hydrogeology (Ground water):

Aeration and saturation zone. Geological formation as aquifer. Type of aquifer.

6. Afghanistan Hydro geological basins.
According to the geomorphology. According to the rain. According to the water surface and water shed. According to the waterlogged area. According to the climate condition , different hydra geological structure and layers of aquifer.
II. -Water Supply system

1-Definition: water supply: Has the greatest importance
,best of all things is water. The technically and scientifically coverage for exploitation, storage, treatment, of drinking water to fulfill the need of a community due to the quality and quantity. Importance and necessity of water. Historical water supply in Afghanistan.
2-Water Supply system

2.

Feasibility Study
Are the needs real Water source availability Owner (s) of source Village population numbers of persons being in the village Water requirement at present Village grows and estimation of future needs of the village Meet the whole village, besides the elders For larger villages determine the houses to be served, then survey a cluster of houses carefully and determine the persons to be served by one pipe stand.
Feasibility Study:

materials available, shops, skilled labour availability, Influential people and their support to project, Places that pipe might have to cross, Cage the community motivation, enthusiasm and willingness to organise the work force and provide their contribution Community potential to look after the project afterwards to maintain it beyond the construction phase Previous and existing projects in the village Collection of the actual data required to enable the design. topographic survey .

3-Types of source and flow discharge measurement
Type of source
Spring. Canal. River. Well (deep well and shallow ). Karez. ..

Types of source and flow discharge measurement
There are a variety of simple methods that could be used but we mention three. To ensure accuracy measurement some earthworks will be needed even if simple. Whatever happens one should measure the flow several times

Bucket and stopwatch method:
One uses a piece of wood and one times how long it takes to float a particular length (6 10 times the average depth of the water). Measure the cross sectional stream. Average stream velocity is 85% of the surface velocity and then the flow is calculated by Q= 850 x V x A ; Q = flow lps; V = surface velocity in m/sec; A = cross sectional area in m2 . Stream should be having at least 30 cm of water.

Bucket and stopwatch method
2-Water Supply system .

Container should be of known volume and then time the fill of the container. The container should be of such size that it requires at least 15 seconds to fill, smaller containers only increase the inaccuracy level. Best two persons one watch the filling the other the time. Flow is calculated by Q= c/t ; Q= flow (litres/second); c = capacity of container and t = time to fill in seconds

V- Notch Weir : V-notch weir can be used to measure larger springs and small streams. The notch is 60 degrees or 90 degrees One can take one with him which is accurately made with the table for measurement. But it is easy enough to make one out of tin or wood. The notch has to be placed in a small dam and all the water to go through the V-notch.

Canal or stream should be at least 2 metre straight. One uses a ruler to measure the depth of water flowing over the notch. Then uses a calibration curve and one reads the quantity of water.

Float Method :
One uses a piece of wood and one times how long it takes to float a particular length (6 10 times the average depth of the water). Measure the cross sectional stream. Average stream velocity is 85% of the surface velocity and then the flow is calculated by Q= 850 x V x A; Q = flow lps; V = surface velocity in m/sec; A = cross sectional area in m2. Stream should be having at least 30 cm of water.

Float Method

4-Technical survey Topographic Survey
Some of the equipments used to measure the proposed pipeline can be the following:
Abney level Theodolite Building level Water Level Barometric altimeter surveying GPS (Global Positioning System)

Abney Level:
Technical survey Topographic Survey
A very rugged piece of equipment that can accept more abuse then any of the other above equipment, still it needs to be handled carefully. The setting up and the measuring is easier but the preparations are easier from the other two. It is also easier to understand when something is wrong with the Abney level then with the theodolite and building level as those have complicated mirror systems that can get disturbed during travelling on rough roads and in rough terrain. Adjustment is needed but this goes as well for the theodolite and building level. As taking levels is a specialised job a separate training is required for such

Abney Level survey

Abney Level survey

Abney Level survey

Pipe Water level:
Not available on the market you have to make your own and essentially consist out of a clear plastic tube with two measuring staffs or rulers on both ends; stops to ensure that the water or oil does not get out before placement. Easy to work with and very accurate and the community understands how it works and can help with. The tube can be as long as one wants (diameter and length should go together) and the accuracy (one can used to measuring and the understanding of the measurements) can be as accurate or better then any of the above mentioned apparatus. Water level can be recommended for small village jobs and even bigger jobs, it is also the involvement of the community that is important.

Global Positioning System (GPS)
While it is a good piece of equipment and mostly used for laying out of towns, as for the use for levelling it is not suitable unless a bubble is added on top of the equipment to enable it to measure heights as it normally measures angles and distance. It is a rather expensive piece of equipment and needs extra care and better training then the other instruments in the list. While easier and probably cheaper as the barometric altimeter survey, still one needs training and understanding for the system.

Theodolite While Survey it is a good piece of equipment and
mostly used for laying out of towns, as for the use for levelling it is not suitable unless a bubble is added on top of the equipment to enable it to measure heights as it normally measures angles and distance. It is a rather expensive piece of equipment and needs extra care and better training then the other instruments in the list. As there are so many models on the market one might end up with the wrong type as some are more accurate (and therefore often more expensive) than others.

Theodolite Survey
There are very accurate pieces of equipment available as GPS but they require highly trained personnel again. e it is a good piece of equipment and mostly used for laying out of towns, as for the use for levelling it is not suitable unless a bubble is added on top of the equipment to enable it to measure heights as it normally measures angles and distance. It is a rather expensive piece of equipment and needs extra care and better training then the other instruments in the list.
Theodolite
Demand main factors:
5-Water Demand
Fix the design period Do population estimation and population forecast. The real amount of water collected will be a function of distance and the capability of the person collecting and the amount of persons present in the home. For a community water supply system we could take that we want to design and construct for a 1525 year lifespan. The choice will depend on the village and the potential change, the more change that can be expected the shorter the design period. Even for larger towns and cities the design period might be 5 years otherwise the system will be over dimensioned and therefore very costly. The more remote the longer the time period can be taken, so then we have to prepare for 25 year water demand projection. Factors of demand:
Water Supply system

Water Demand Demand main factor
Norm demand. Expansion of population Table (1-2) Climate condition City extension Culture and custom of people Industries Cost of water Alternate water distribution Define of customers. Quantity of water. Water demand. Peak factor. Types of demand.
Water Supply system

Demand main factor
Water Demand
Close to towns and main roads one has select a shorter water demand period. One has to get the present population data and the population growth factor for the design period which can be for a 25 year period from approximately 40% in remote mountainous area to 130% (or up to 170% near Kabul) in the fertile plains of Afghanistan. Example, 25 year design period, village with 500 persons therefore: Mountainous area: current population 40% (500) + 500 = 700 persons and Plain area: current population 170%(500) + 500 = 1,350 persons.
Water Supply system

Water Demand Demand factor:
Assumptions and other factors should be clearly stated in the design report so that others can understand how you have reached the parameters, that is part of being called transparent. The total water demand for the village under study will be at the end of the design period the sum of the per capita demand with the special need demand. The World Health Organisation (WHO) propose 45 litre per person per day and this will cover the drinking water, person hygiene and washing, cooking and a part for the small livestock. If the water source is minimal then one can go down to using 23 litre per person.
Water Supply system

Water Demand Demand main factor:
If other services are in town like a school, health clinic and our others then we have to add water for those facilities as well and we can use then as well figures as issued by the Ministry of Public Health and if none available we use WHO guideline figures and or figure we can agree upon with the in-charge of the facilities. When water is delivered in house the consumption will rise dramatically and therefore can only be done when the source is plenty and the particular household will pay for all the additional costs that goes with such connection. Better not to encourage as all pipes need to be dimensioned larger than for a village supply. This eventuality will be covered within one of the next courses on pipeline design.
Water Supply system

Water Demand
Define customers In a small community not a big problem but for cities like Kabul an assessment will be a time consuming activity. We must to get to know what they require from quantity to quality. Define the cost of operation and maintenance to ensure that they can pay for it and or willing to pay before we start making schemes. Also use changes over time (seasons) and also during the day we should know before the design can take place.
Design Parameters & Population Forecast
Water Supply system

Water Demand
Example:
How to find the population after design years and demand of water for the costumers Number of families
P=Po(1+r)n
P= Population Po=present Population (5124person) N-Number of year (15year) r- Growth ratio (3%) Growth factor = (1+0.035)20=1.98=2 Growth factor = (1+0.03 )15=1.56 For 15 year is 3% annual growth rate =1.56 Wastage leakage = 20%=1.2 Domestic demand = number of household multiply by person per house multiply.
Water Supply system

Water Demand
Example:
By 45 litter/day multiply by 1.56 multiply by 1.2 Institutional Example of Domestic demand Household =732 families Population =732*7=5124 person Qd= 732 household * 7 person / household * 45 litter /day *1.56 *1.2 =431645.75 litter/day Total demand =431645.76 letter /day =17985.24 litter/hour=299.754litter/Min =4.9959litter/sec =5litter/sec Information about spring Flow of spring =5litter /sec Capacity of the source =5 litter / sec
Water Supply system 6-Type of water supply system Gravity system. Motorize system.
Water Supply system

Type of water supply system
Gravity Water supply network: Even a system with tank can be cheaper as the pipe diameter could be smaller and lead to substantial savings. While planning considering the possibility of expansion. The growth of the village might take place faster or in a different direction than planned. Expansion can only be successful if the preparations for such are already looked into at the initial survey. Also the community can decide to make an extra tap stand if they can reduce the water usage by 20% from four tap stands then a five could be build.
Water Supply system

Type of water supply system
Gravity Water supply network:
Increased water demand can only be solved by identifying other springs and make a system that they can be added to the already existing tank, or if additional storage would be good then another tank could be constructed besides the existing tank and even interconnected. Gravity water supply system from sources of( Stream, spring and catchments, dam or intake). gravity water supply system is as no pumping required.therfor it is the most reliable system for distribution of water .When some ground sufficiently high above the city area is available, this can be best utilized for distribution system in maintaining pressure in water pipes. This method is al so much suitable when source of supply such as lake, river or impounding water reservoir is at sufficient height then city.
Water Supply system

Gravity Water supply network
Water Supply system

Gravity Water supply network
Water Supply system

Pumping system
Motorize Water supply system for the layout city or town, topography etc. In this system pump, by gravity feed from a water source (such as canal, water pool. Deep wells, a water reservoir or water tower)in the elevated reservoir. These systems should be are owned and maintained by local (community) and government office. Layout of the distribution system is to be done. Will effect the layout and design of the distribution system necessary to distribute it to the number of house, public place by means of a network of distribution system.. Existing population, expected future population, commercial and industrials present and future water requirements all have to be considered in the layout and design of the distribution system.
Water Supply system

Pumping system
Pumping system
Water Supply system

Pumping system
Water Supply system

7-Pipes and their properties
Ensure that we get the right type of pipes and fittings for the right job HDEP pipes is the most ideal material to work with in the rural as they can be easily joined and one can make all kinds of fittings oneself if one has not got the correct fittings instead of waiting. There are many kinds of pipes on the world market. Pipes available in Afghanistan The correct manner to buy materials
Water Supply system

Pipes and their properties
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipe
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is fairly low-cost and easy to obtain. Freight costs are low and can be carried to site manually or by small vehicles. Class-B (60m head of water), Class-C (90m head), Class-D (120m head), and Class-E (150m head) are produced and available in market. PVC pipes should be stored in shade as it becomes brittle on prolonged exposure to sunlight. Hazens coefficient for PVC is C = 150
Water Supply system

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipe fittings
Water Supply system

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipe Utility system
Water Supply system

High-Density Polyethylene (HDP) Pipe
May be more expensive than PVC. It comes in 100m flexible rolls and thus has fewer joints than PVC and can be turned around trees and rocks more easily. The rolls are heavy and are more expensive to transport, but easier to move around the site than PVC. Joints are mad by applying solvent and heat. Care must be taken in unrolling it and a check must be made for internal blockage. Produced in three classes: PE 63, PE 80, and PE 100 with minimum 25m head and maximum 400m head. Hazens coefficient for HDP is C = 150.
Water Supply system

High-Density Polyethylene fittings
Water Supply system

High-Density Polyethylene fittings
Water Supply system

Ensure that we get the right type of pipes and fittings for the right job HDEP pipes is the most ideal material to work with in the rural as they can be easily joined and one can make all kinds of fittings oneself if one has not got the correct fittings instead of waiting. There are many kinds of pipes on the world market. Pipes available in Afghanistan The correct manner to buy materials
Water Supply system

Pipes Fittings
Metal fitting: Gate valves, Global valve (non return valve, Air. V) Flange, Socket, Union, Nipple, Elbow, tee, tap, Reducer PE fittings: Stub-Flange, MTA (male threaded adopter), Tee, Saddle clamp, Reducer, Straight coupler.
Water Supply system

Pipes Fittings
Water Supply system

Asbestos Cement (AC) Pipes
In some areas may be the cheapest pipes over 100mm in diameter, but it is often not available and is being replaced by PVC. It is brittle and difficult to transport. Maximum pressure 90m of head is recommended as the minimum standard. Hazens coefficient is C = 130
Water Supply system

Pipes and their Iron properties Galvanized (GI)
subject to corrosion. It is used only where strength is required, such as section with high hydraulic pressure, river and gully crossings, shallow sections under roads, and pipe works at tanks. Produced in three classes: light weight, medium weight, and heavy weight. Hazens C = 120 (new) 80 (very old), average (100)
Pipes GI pipe is expensive, hard to transport, and
Water Supply system

Galvanized Iron (GI) Pipe
Water Supply system

Galvanized Iron (GI) Pipe fittings
Water Supply system

Pipes and their Making joints in steel properties
pipe
Water Supply system

Pipes and their properties Making joints in steel
pipe
Water Supply system

Union saket and Reducing
Water Supply system

8-Hydraulic Theory (Gravity system)
Hydraulic theory should be understood to select pipe sizes and make proper design. A gravity flow water system is depending on the gravitational energy. The source of energy is the action of gravity on water. When water flows through pipes, fittings and tanks some of the energy will get lost for ever because of friction that occurs in pipes, fitting and tanks. The purpose of pipeline design is to manipulate frictional losses so as to move the desired flows through the system, by conserving energy at some points and using energy at other points. This is done by a careful selection of pipe sizes and proper fittings and tanks.
Water Supply system

Hydraulic Theory (Gravity system)
For each line make with graph paper the HGL line and check on lower and higher pressures. HGL should always be above the pipeline, but if the pipeline rises, it is possible for the HGL to fall below the pipeline. This indicates the presence of a negative residual head, which means there is not enough gravitational energy to move the desired quantity of water. This situation should be avoided. The desired head is between 10 - 30 metres in rural water supply systems. The suggested minimum and maximum head values are 7 and 55 metres respectively. Flow in pipes should not be less than 0.7 m/s and more than 3.0 m/s
Water Supply system

Head is the amount of gravitational energy in a pipeline. There are two types of heads: Static Head and Dynamic Head Static head is when all valves are closed and no water is flowing in the pipeline and there is no energy loss to friction. Dynamic head develops when the valve is opened. When flow becomes constant then their is a state of Dynamic Equilibrium. The line represents the energy level during hydraulic equilibrium at each point along the pipeline is called HGL. As frictional losses are never recovered, the hydraulic grade line (HGL) slopes down along the direction of flow.
Water Supply system

Fluid Static (Water at rest):
Water pressure at the some depth is directly related to the vertical distance from that depth to the level of the surface, and is not affect by any horizontal distance. In a pipe line where no water is flowing is, the system is termed being Static Equilibrium. In such systems, the level of the water surface is called the Static Level 1, and the pressures are reported as Static Heads.
Water Supply system

Hydraulic Theory (Gravity system) Static Equilibrium
Water Supply system

Fluid Dynamics (Water in Motion): Now supposed that the control valve at the point C in figure 6-1 is partially opened, allowing a small flow of water through the pipe line (and also assume that the tank refills as fast as it drains, so that the surface level remains constant). The water levels in each glass tube decrease a bit . As the level is opened further and further to allow greater flows through the pipeline , the water levels in the tubes drop even lower.
Hydraulic Theory (Gravity system) Dynamic Equilibrium
Water Supply system
It can be seen that the water heights in the tubes form a new line for each new flow through the system. For a constant flow, the line formed by the water heights will remain steady. The system is now said to be in dynamic equilibrium. The line formed by the water levels in the tubes is called the hydraulic grade line, commonly abbreviated as HGL. A different flow establishes a different dynamic equilibrium and a new HGL.
Water Supply system
Water Supply system

Dynamic Equilibrium
Grade Line: The HGL represents the new energy levels at the each point the pipe line, for the any constant flow through the pipe line there is a specific, constant HGL. The vertical distance from the pipe line to the HGL is the measure of pressure head (ie -energy), and the difference between the HGL and the static level is the amount of head lost by the frication.
Water Supply system
Hydraulic Theory (Gravity Friction Lost system) Energy:
Water Supply system
As water flows through the pipeline, energy is lost by the friction of the flow against pipe walls, or through fitting (such as reducers, elbows, control valve, etc). Any obstruction to the flow, partial or otherwise, causes frictional losses of energy.
Major factors:
Would be the roughness of the obstacle, and the velocity of the flow.
Minor factors:
would include water temperature, a suspended particle, dissolved gases etc.
Water Supply system

Note:
The diameter of the pipe, and the amount of flow through it, determine the velocity of the flow. The greater the flow, the faster the velocity, and the greater the frictional losses. Likewise, the rougher the surface of the obstacle, the greater the frictional losses. Frictional losses are not liner: doubling the flow does not necessarily double the losses: usually losses are trebled, quadrupled, or even greater.
Frictional head loss factor:
Water Supply system
The common method is to report the amount of frictional head loss per unit length of pipe ,for a specific flow .Typically this would be expressed as meters of head loss per 100 meters of pipe length ,or m / 100 m or (m /Km)

Control valve
Water Supply system
Water Supply system

Equivalent pipe lengths and fittings: A pipe line fitting (such as elbow an elbow, tee, valve, etc) acts as concentrated point of frictional losses. The amount of head loss in the fitting depends upon the shape of the fitting, and the flow through it. The head loss are computed by the determining the equivalent length of pipe necessary to create the same amount of head loss. For fittings, this is commonly given as the L/D ratio (length/diameter).
Water Supply system

Table Equivalent Length Pipe
No 1 2 3 3 4 5 Type of Fittings Tee( in the same direction) Tee (in two direction) Elbow 90o Elbow 45o Open Gate Valve Open Check valve

Equivalent length 20 60 27 15 17 135
Water Supply system

Graphical determination of Fittings equivalent length
Water Supply system

Pipe Head loss Due to friction (m / Km) Galvaniz ed Iron C = 130
Flow (l /s)
12 16 46.1
(Galvanize Iron pipe )

20 15.6 56.1 118.9 25 5.2 18.9 40.1 68.3 103.3 32 1.6 5.7 12.1 20.5 31.0 43.5 58.9 74.1
Pipe Diameter (mm)

40 0.5 1.9 4.1 6.9 10.5 14.7 19.5 25.0 0.7 1.4 2.3 3.5 5.0 6.6 8.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.1 2.7 0.7 0.9 1.2 50 63 75 90
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0.9
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 10.0
92.2
112.0
31.1
37.8 53.0 70.5 90.2 112.2
10.5
12.8 17.9 23.8 30.4 37.9 46.0 69.6 97.5
3.4
4.1 5.8 7.7 9.9 12.3 15.0 22.6 31.6 42.1 53.9 81.5 114.2
1.5
1.8 2.5 3.3 4.2 5.3 6.4 9.7 13.5 18.0 23.1 34.9 48.8 65.0 125.8 0.6 0.7 1.0 1.7 2.2 2.6 4.0 5.6 7.4 9.5 14.3 20.1 26.7 51.8
Water Supply system

Energy:
To move water, whether moving it uplift, downhill, or horizontally, requires energy, which in water project this energy by the gravity system or direct pump.
Head :
In hydraulic work, rather than repeatedly calculate water pressure, it is an easier practice to simply report the equivalent height of the water column. Technically, this is called the head, and represents the amount of gravitational energy contained in the water.
Water Supply system

Peaking Factor
The average flow from a tap was calculated over the period of use. However, at some times during the day, the tap and the system will have to supply more than this average flow. This is determined by a peaking factor (PF). P.F. = maximum hourly flow / average hourly flow The value of the peaking factor is usually between 1 and 2, depending on local conditions.
Hydraulic Theory (Gravity system) Design Flow
Water Supply system
Design flow = P.F. x average flow The design flow in each branch of the system is determined by working backwards from each tap. At junctions, flows are added together. The design flow out of a reservoir has been determined by adding up the flows in the branches below it
Hydraulic Theory (Gravity Establish the Location of the Tap system)

Stand
Water Supply system
This should be done with the advice of the users through the community committee. Taps should be located in common areas to serve 100-200 people each, but may serve fewer people if they are in an isolated area. The number of people per tap depends on the number of hours of use, the flow from the tap and the daily water demand per person. Additional taps are needed at institutions. For high density areas, tap station may be built Taps should be kept away from streams and rivers.

Stand
Water Supply system
A concert post supporting a 15mm mild steal riser pipe the from the pipeline up to a bibcock which should discharge at least 0.167-0.25 litter per second. A concrete stand on which to place a bucket, a concert apron to collect spillage , and a gutter and drainage to a soak away. Tap stands should have a fence around them to keep animals away. Each stand tap should have a nominated person, or caretaker to keep the area clean and tidy.

Stand
Water Supply system
Maintenance will be required on daily basis depending on the quality. The gate valve to close the system for night. To have good splash zone as well a way for drain of waste water. Locations need to be well discussed with the community. Must be adequate drainage. Flow at tap stand is normally 0.225 lps which translate into 13.5 l/min. Such tap stand can serve a population of 200 230 persons. A globe valve at the base could be used to adjust the correct flow.
Water Supply system

Hydraulic Theory (Gravity Establish thesystem) Location of the Tap
Stand
The tap need to be blocked and secured so that tempering is not possible. Residual head at the tap stand, absolute minimum 7m, desirable 15 m & max.30 m. Tap stand should be made such that it can withstand time, splash zone, drainage or sock pit. Tap stand area should not become place of breading mosquitoes and other diseases. Some fencing is required to keep animal away. Ensure the villagers have their say about tap stands as they will be using it on daily basis and will be near their homes.
Water Supply system

Establish the Location of the Tap Hydraulic Theory (Gravity system) Stand
A stand design has to be prepared with the community and in detail worked out as often a good number of items are required for tap stands and all those items need to be included and to be bought timely as such items can not be bought in the corner shop. Approximately each tap stand serve about 25 houses. Should be positioned so as to reduce uniformly the maximum distance people to carry out water. Approximately each tap stand serve about 25 houses.
Water Supply system

Hydraulic Theory (Gravity system) Calculate Reservoir
The flow coming into the reservoir is based on the average outflow. Design reservoir inflow = average outflow x (hours taps in use 24 hours) The storage size can be roughly calculated as: design inflow x hours taps not used Reservoirs are placed high enough to give adequate pressure in the pipeline and are situated to divide the network into manageable areas. A reservoir is needed if the source cannot supply all of the water needed in a working day, but can supply it in 24 hours.
Hydraulic Theory (Gravity system) Calculate Reservoir: A reservoir may also be installed to save
money. A study should be undertaken to determine whether it is cheaper to put in a large pipe from the source or put in a reservoir and a smaller, cheaper pipe from the source to the reservoir. Small reservoirs may also be located at each standpipe. This arrangement may be necessary if some groups of users are drawing much more water than other groups. Good roofing is essential to keep the water safe from pollution and warming.
Water Supply system
It has advantages to have standard sizes of tanks that make the design easier. There are number of service pipes required namely: inlet, outlet, overflow, and washout. Site for reservoir should be on stable and preferably level ground and to ensure that erosion or landslide will not occur. The wall need to be internally well plastered with final coat of 1:2 waterproof plaster.
Hydraulic Theory (Gravity system) Calculate Reservoir
Water Supply system
Hydraulic Theory (Gravity Determine Size of the system)
Water Supply system
Pipe The flow rates in all sections of the system are and the flow needed from the source can be estimated. The static head at any point in the pipe should not exceeds the rated pressure capacity of the pipe. Otherwise break pressure tank or reservoirs are located at these points. The size of the pipe in each branch is then determined. A means of determining the frictional head loss is needed. Tables, such as Table 1 (located at the end of the manual), are available to design engineers. The minor losses (friction due to pipe fittings, bends and valves) are included in the calculation by converting them to equivalent lengths of pipe which are added to the actual length when solving for pipe sizes.
Air release valves are located at high points on the pipeline. They release air that collects in the pipe and prevent "air locks", large bubbles of air that block the flow. They can also admit air to protect the pipeline if a break occurs. Their locations can be determined from the elevations of the pipeline. The best types are automatic ones as these require the least maintenance, but simple manual valves can be used.
Hydraulic Theory (Gravity system) Air Release Valve:
Water Supply system
Hydraulic Theory (Gravity system) Washout s Washouts are located at low points or at the ends of
Water Supply system
pipe sections with low flows (velocity < 0.7 m/s) and at regular distances along the main pipeline. Placement of washouts at upstream of the reservoir in the U profile of pipeline and or gully or river crossings Washouts should be well protected otherwise they become source of contamination and or people taking water from such places These consist of a tee joint that has a cap or valve that can be opened to flush settled solids out of the pipe.
Water Supply system

Hydraulic Theory (Gravity system) Break Pressure Tanks
Can be important in hilly country to break the speed of water. These small tanks reduce the pressure in the pipe to atmospheric pressure. Simple to construct and need a good cover. This is done when the pipe elevation is sufficiently below the source to exceed the pressure capacity of the pipe. They are tanks that water flows into and out of, controlled by a float valve. Valves should be located at the inlet for every tank, and at every branch and change of pipe size.
Hydraulic Theory (Gravity system) Design procedure

Water Supply system
Locates a reliable and clean water source Determine Consumption of water per person per day Establish the locations of the stand pipes. Determine flow per tap Choose the pipe alignment Design the main pipeline Calculate reservoir and sedimentation tank dimensions Locate air release valves, washouts, and break pressure tanks
Hydraulic Theory (Gravity Determine Consumption of Water per Person per system)

Day Determine water demand by a survey of the users. Estimate for each use such as drinking, cooking and washing and additional use such as livestock water. The demand will vary from region to region as it depends on local customs, the availability of water, and the uses for piped water. Typical values of demand are between 15 and 50 liters per capita per day.
Water Supply system
Hydraulic Theory (Gravity system) Determine Flow Per Tap
Water Supply system
Present population, allowances for increase per year, possible migration into the area and other population changes to be estimated. Estimate the lifetime of the project. 15 years is suggested, but maximum is probably 25 years. These figures will give the design population of the area. For example, tap stands operate 16 hours a day at 0.075 l/s to supply 160 people with 27 l/d each. For example, the design values are 12 hours per day, 0.225 l/s, 215 people and 45 l/c/d.
Water Supply system

Hydraulic Theory (Gravity Choose system) the Pipe Alignment
With the location of tap stands decided, the location of the pipeline system can be finalized. A steady gradient should be maintained wherever possible. Avoid steep hillsides and numerous stream crossings. Avoid crossing land where legal access can not be or any land that is outside the control of the users. The length of pipe should be kept to a minimum.
Hydraulic Theory (Gravity system) 9-Design Example:
Water Supply system
Water demand is 200,000 litres per day. Storage tank is to be built 2km from the water source. Vertical distance from the source to the tank is 20m. Minimum head of water at the outlet of the tank is 5m. Pipe available in diameters of 25, 50 and 75 mm. Standpipes are in use16 hours per day. Equivalent length for friction loss in pipe fittings is 38 m. What is the size of the storage tank and size of asbestos pipe from the source to
Storage tank size=Design inflow x (Hours taps not used/24 hrs) = (200,000 l) / (8 / 24) = 66,667 l = 67 m3 Flow rate in main pipeline = 200,000 l / (24 x 3600) s = 2.31 l/s Hydraulic gradient = (fall in elevation of HGL) / (length of pipe + minor loss length) = (20 5) m / (2000 + 38) /1000) km = 7.4 m/km
Hydraulic Theory (Gravity system) Design Example: Water taps not in use = 8 hours
Water Supply system
Hydraulic Theory (Gravity system) Design Example
Water Supply system
From Table 1b, a 75 mm diameter pipe is required as a smaller size would give too great loss of head. Flow (l/s) Frictional loss (m/km) 2.0 3.9 2.5 5.9 By Interpolation, frictional loss is 5.1 m/km for a flow of 2.3 l/s Therefore, total frictional loss = (2038 /1000 km) (5.1 m/km) = 10.4 m Height of HGL above tank inlet = 20 10.4 = 9.6 m which meets the design requirements of 5m minimum.
Network:
A typical range of velocity in distribution pipes is between 0.5_1.5 m/sec, occasionally up to 3m/sec. Hydraulic gradients usually range between 1_ 5 m/km, occupationally up to 10 m/km. in case of the smaller pipe D< 50mm, the hydraulic gradient can even be higher. The minimum pressure should not drop bellow 5-10 mwc .in larger distribution areas where water scarcity is not in issue, the minimum pressure can range 20_30 mwc. Pressure higher than 60mwc should be avoided in general, due to increase leakage and risk of bursts, especially in poorly maintained network.
Deep well:
If the deep well of water supply network has been surveyed and designed according to the engineering norms and you are sure that the deep well will be successful, then the deep well and water supply network can be requested into a single proposal. If the deep well technically design and survey is not possible than the project should be request as two separate proposals (1, Deep well subproject proposal, 2, Water supply network). Ensure that the deep well proposal designs, when your primary survey should be at least (60-70) % succeed.
Hydraulic Theory (Gravity system) Sample Gravity pipe (Design Example)

1-General Information Given: Village population 850, Part-I with 605 persons and Part-II with 245 persons Expected Population growth in 10 years at a 2% growth rate. Source has 1 l/s minimum flow. Source is approximately 2,300 metres from the village Standpipes are used for 12 hours per day Assume GI pipes are utilised rocky area See Sketch map and ground profiles of the village Design the pipelines and plot hydraulic gradient for each pipe length.
Water Supply system
Water Supply system
Path of Pipeline to Village
Water Supply system

Design Population = Population x Growth in 10 years = (850) x (1+0.02)10 = 850 x 1.22 = 1,037 ~ 1,050 persons Assume to supply 100 l/p/d; then required 100 x 1050 =105,000 litres per day or flow of (105,000 l) / (24x3600 s) = 1.21 l/s required that is not available. Assume to supply 80 l/p/d; then required 80 x 1050 = 84,000 l/d or flow of (84,000 l) / (24 x 3600 s) = 0.97 l/s and this is possible.
2-Calculation population and water usage:

3-Storage requirements:
Water Supply system
Per capita is 80 litres/day Average daily usage is then 80 x 1050 = 84,000 litres As GI is expensive so smallest pipe possible to be used. Recommended storage half of total quantity of water required by community Split into five public reservoirs three in Part I and two in Part II situated on high points Main line will not have to carry peak flows
Water Supply system

Design Example
Average daily usage = 80 x 1,050 = 84,000 l = 84 m3 Storage required = 84 x (12/24) = 42 m3 Based on population (245/850) x 42 m3 or 12.1 m3 in Part-II and (605/850) x 42 m3 or 29.9 m3 in Part-I In Part-I there will be three reservoirs of 10 m3 each, two in Part-II of 6 m3 each, with this distribution nobody will walk more than 100m

Water Supply system
4-Number of Faucets: Persons per faucet between 30 100 No. of faucet for Part-I: Min. No. = 605/100 6 Max. No. = 605/30 20 No. of faucet for Part-II: Min. No. = 245/100 2 Max. No. = 245/30 8 More faucets preferable to accommodate future demand Thus 6 faucets at each of the three reservoirs in Part-I and 4 faucets at each of the reservoir in part-II give a total of 26. The average number of persons per faucet (based on the future population of 1050) is 42 for Part-I and 37 for part-II.

5-Design Flows
Water Supply system
Path sketched Water flow continuously so design flows will be the same as average daily flows, peaking factor is therefore 1. At the projected per capita use of 80 l/day the average daily flow is 0.97 l/s but the spring has an estimated minimum flow 1.0 l/s which will be used in design. Tabulate each: reservoir / volume / population Calculate the flow in each part of the pipes from point A onwards and between the reservoirs
Hydraulic Theory (Gravity system) Design Example Reservoirs / Population /

Faucets Reservoir Volume m3 Population
Water Supply system
Faucet
B C D E F Total
10 10 10 6 6 42
250 250 250 150 150 1050
6 6 6 4 4 26

Calculations Design Flows
From
Source Point A Point A Reservoir B Reservoir C Reservoir E
Water Supply system
To
Point A Reservoir B Reservoir E Reservoir C Reservoir D Reservoir F
Flow (l/s)
1.0 0.71 0.29 0.48 0.24 0.15
Calculations
(30/42) x 1 = 0.71 l/s (12/42) x 1 = 0.29 l/s (20/30) x 0.71 = 0.48 l/s (10/20) x 0.48 = 0.24 l/s (6/12) x 0.29 = 0.15 l/s

Path of Pipeline to Village
Water Supply system

6-Pipeline Design:
Water Supply system
Break Pressure Tanks Inspection of profiles in Figure 4 indicates that pressure break release tank is necessary 1,300 m from source as static head is 55m at this point. Not possible at actual place (at 1,100m) as it is in a valley and therefore to be placed on top of hill site. Pipe Material GI used because of rocky site. Pipe Size from Source to Break Pressure Tank Tabulate and find out pipe sizes against available head of 55 m with a flow of 1.0 l/s Check results against HGL line.

Length (metres) Flow (l/s) Pipe diameter (mm) Head loss (metres)
Water Supply system
Design Calculations From Source to Break Pressure Tank:

Available Head (metres)
1,300 1,300
1,300
1.0 1.0
1.0
50 40
32
16.1 49.1
145.6
55 55
55
400
900
1.0
1.0
50
40
5.1
34.0
16.5
38.5
7-Hazen-Williams Formula Used for Friction Losses in Pipes: Q = 86.06 x l0-9 C D2.63 S0.54
Water Supply system
where: Q = flow in 1/s C = Hazen's coefficient

C = 150 (for plastic pipe), 100 (Asbestos Cement), 130 (GI)
D = pipe diameter in mm S = hydraulic gradient in m per km S = drop in the hydraulic grade line / pipe length + minor losses length
Profile from Source to Break Pressure Tank and Point A:
Water Supply system
Pipe Head Loss Due to friction (m/km) Galvanised Iron C= 130
Flow (l /s) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Hydraulic Theory (Gravity Design system) Example

Pipe Diameter (mm) 40 0.5 1.9 4.1 6.9 10.5 14.7 19.5 25.0 31.1 37.8 0.7 1.4 2.3 3.5 5.0 6.6 8.4 10.5 12.8 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.1 2.7 3.4 4.1 0.7 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 12 16 46.1 20 15.6 56.1 118.9 25 5.2 18.9 40.1 68.3 103.3 32 1.6 5.7 12.1 20.5 31.0 43.5 58.9 74.1 92.2 112.0 50 63 75
Water Supply system

90
0.6
1.2
1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 10.0
53.0
70.5 90.2 112.2
17.9
23.8 30.4 37.9 46.0 69.6 97.5
5.8
7.7 9.9 12.3 15.0 22.6 31.6 42.1 53.9 81.5 114.2
2.5
3.3 4.2 5.3 6.4 9.7 13.5 18.0 23.1 34.9 48.8 65.0 125.8
0.7
1.0 1.7 2.2 2.6 4.0 5.6 7.4 9.5 14.3 20.1 26.7 51.8
Table 1: Pipe Head Loss Due to Friction (m/km) GI Pipe, C = 130
Water Supply system
8-Discussion on Design Calculation of Main Pipeline 1,300m From calculated head losses it appears that 40mm sufficient but check of HGL on the profile indicates a negative pressure in first 400m. Take 50mm in first 400m to avoid negative pressure and remaining is 900m of 40mm diameter pipe.\ Total calculated head loss is 5.1+34.0 = 39.1m
Water Supply system
Design Calculation From Break Pressure Tank to Junction at Point A Length Flow Pipe diameter Head loss Available (m) (l/s) (mm) (meters) Head (m)
500 500 500
1.0 1.0 1.0
50 40 32
6.4 18.9 56.6
20 20 20
Hydraulic Theory (Gravity system) Design Example Profile from source to break pressure
tank
Water Supply system
Water Supply system
Pipeline Design From Point A to Reservoir B, C and D
Point A is where the flow will split in two flows and we will tackle firstly from Point A to Part-I, length involved are 500, 200 and 200m respectively Calculate and tabulate the head losses.
Water Supply system
Profile from Point A to Reservoirs B, C and D

Length (metres)
500 500 500 200 200 200 200 200 200
Water Supply system
Flow (l/s)
0.71 0.71 0.71 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.24 0.24 0.24
Pipe Diameter
40 32 50 40 32 25 32 25 20
Head Loss (metres)

10.0 29.7 3.4 1.9 5.8 19.2 1.6 5.3 15.7
Available head (metres)

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 - 5.8 = 4.2
Design Calculati ons From Point A to Reservoi rs B, C and D
Water Supply system
From Point A to reservoir B a 40mm is appropriate. From reservoir B to C a 32 mm is adequate and there is extra head available 10 5.8 = 4.2m From reservoir C to D a 32 mm pipe is adequate.
Discussion on Pipeline Design From Point A to Reservoirs B, C and D
Water Supply system
1. Point A is where the flow will split in two flows and we will tackle secondly from Point A to Part-II, length is 600m and 200m respectively 2. Calculate and tabulate the head losses.
Pipeline Design From Point A to Reservoir E and F
Water Supply system
Profile from Point A to Reservoirs E and F

Length (metres) Flow (l/s) Pipe Diameter (mm)
40 32 25 25
Water Supply system
Head Loss (metres)

3.0 6.8 22.6 2.2
Available head (metres)

7 7 7 3
600 600 600 200
0.29 0.29 0.29 0.15
Design Calculati on From Point A to Reservoi r E and F
200
0.15
20
6.6
Water Supply system
Discussion on Pipeline Design From Point A to Reservoirs E and F If 32mm pipe is used from point A to reservoir E and 25mm pipe from reservoir E to F then the total head loss is 6.8 + 2.2 or 9.0 metres which very closely matches the available head of 10 metres. The pipe sizes, HGL and design flows are all noted on the profile.
Water Supply system

10-Groups Work on the Gravity Pipe Networks
Water Supply system

Case study 10-Group Work-1
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 7.
General Information of the village

Village population 850, Part-I with 350 persons, Part-II with 250 persons and Part-III with 750 person. Expected Population growth in 15 years at a 2% growth rate. Village water demand = 80 Lit/Cap. Day Source has 1.85 L/s minimum flow. Standpipes are used for 12 hours per day Assume GI pipes are utilised rocky area Design the pipelines and plot hydraulic gradient for each pipe length.
Water Supply system

Group Work-1
Path of pipe line
Spring
Group-1
L=
15 00 m
Part - 1
L= 40
0m
0m
C
Spring min discharge = 1.83 L/sec
L=
50
A
25 0m
Points Spring A H C D E F G Total
V-(m3)
Population / person . . . 200 250 300 300 250 1450
Elev(m) 100 40
L=
H
m
60 0m
35 40 35 30 25
L=
L= 250
L=
E
15
0m
L=
15
0m
G
Part - 2
D
Part - 3
Water Supply system

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Village population 850, Part-I with 350 persons, Part-II with 250 persons , Part-III with 150 person and Part-IV with 300 person. Expected Population growth in 10 years at a 2.5% growth rate. Water demand of the village= 50 lit/Cap . Day Source has 0.80 L/s minimum flow. Standpipes are used for 12 hours per day Assume GI pipes are utilised rocky area Design the pipelines and plot hydraulic gradient for each pipe length.
Water Supply system

Group Work-2
Path of pipe line
Spring
Group-2
L= 15 00 m
Part - 1
L=
50 0m
40 0m
B
L=
A
25 0m
Points Spring A B D E F G Total
V-(m3)
Population / person . . 350 220 250 300 300 1450
Elev(m) 100 60
L=
C
m L= 250
60 0m
52 48 47 49
L=
L= 15 0m
L= 15 0m
Part - 2
D
Part - 3
Water Supply system

Case study
10-Group Work-3
1. 2. 3. 3. 5. 6. 7. Village population 850, ST-1 with 120 persons, St-2 with 150 persons , ST-3 with 140 person and St-4 with 150 person. Expected Population growth in years at a 3% growth rate. Water demand of the village=60 Lit /Cap . Day Source has 0.75 L/s minimum flow. Standpipes are used for 12 hours per day Assume GI pipes are utilised rocky area Design the pipelines and plot hydraulic gradient for each pipe length.
Water Supply system

10-Group Work-3
Path of pipe line
Spring
Group-3
Water reservior
Points V-(m3) Spring Reservior A B
Population / person . . .
Elev(m) 120 100 70
L=
C D ST-3 ST-4 Total
. . 140 150 560
68 70 68 72
ST-1 B C
25 m 00
A ST-4 D
ST-2
ST-3
Water Supply system


1. 2. 3. 5. 6. 7. Village population 850, ST-1 with 120 persons, PSt-2 with 150 persons , ST-3 with 140 person and St-4 with 150 person. Expected Population growth in years at a 3% growth rate. Source has 0.4 L/s minimum flow. Standpipes are used for 12 hours per day Assume GI pipes are utilised rocky area Design the pipelines and plot hydraulic gradient for each pipe length.
iii. Water Sanitation

Potable Water
Definition-1 :
Human for any living being water,
air, food, shelter, and etc. are the primary needs, of which water has the greatest importance Best of all things is water ,Human without food can survive for a number of days but without water is such an essential element It human cant live .
Water Sanitation Potable

Water
Potable water is that has been treated

and disinfected so that it is free from disease-producing organisms, poisonous substances, physical, chemical or biological agents, and contaminants which make it unfit for human consumption or other uses.
Definition-2 :
Water Sanitation
1-Potable Water
Definition-3: People need water for drinking, washing and cooking. the minimum quantity of drinking water required for human survival, depending upon the climate, and amount and type of food eating,and human activity.minium drinking water requirements will lie in the range(3-5 liter /person/day) but more will be needed in a hot, dry and windy climate.
Water Sanitation
Potable Water
Definition- 4: Water covers over 75% of the earths surface but only 1% is available as fresh water. The technically and scientifically coverage for exploitation, storage, treatment, of drinking water to fulfill the need of a community due to the quality and quantity.
Potable Water
Water Sanitation
Definition-1 : Drinking water can also be tainted with chemical, physical and radiological contaminants with harmful effects in human health. Water quality is of concern to everyone. Quality is the acceptability of the water for uses like drinking, cooking and laundering.
Definition-1: Drinking water supplies may be contaminated by many sources. harmful household wastes, septic systems, lawn and garden chemicals, leaking fuel storage tanks, animal waste, agricultural chemicals, landfills, and leaching of metals from plumbing systems may contaminate water.
2-Water Quality
Water Sanitation
Water Quality
Definition-2 :
Water Sanitation
The drinking water we receive from our local drinking water utilities or individual wells comes from ground water, streams, rivers, springs or lakes in a watershed. Although most water requires some treatment before use, protecting this source . water is an important part of providing safe drinking water to the public. Protecting drinking water sources usually requires the combined efforts of many partners such as public water systems, communities, resource managers and the public.
Definition- 3: may have off-tastes, odors, or visible particles. However, some dangerous contaminants in water are not easy to detect. Accurate water testing is needed to determine safety and quality of Water testing .
Quality
Water Water Sanitation
Table Standards :
Water Quality
Water Sanitation
Water Sanitation
Water Quality
The quality of drinking water is determined by the :
I-Physical Characteristics of Water. II-Chemical Characteristics of Water. III-Bacteriological Characteristics of Water.
Physical properties : Potable water is the water that is pleasant in appearance and taste. It is significantly free from color, turbidity, taste, and odor. It should also be cool and aerated. Water may be palatable The physical characteristics of water are color, odor and taste, turbidity, and temperature.
Water Quality
Water Sanitation
Water Quality
Water Sanitation
Physical properties-: A-Odor and taste: There are no set standards for odor and taste as there are no specific tests for these. Odor and taste found in water are most commonly caused by algae, decomposed organic matter, dissolved gases, or industrial waste. Remove tastes and odors which make water unpalatable.
Water Sanitation
Water Quality
Physically properties : B-Color : Color in water comes from colored substances, such as vegetable matter, dissolved from roots and leaves, from humus, or from inorganic compounds such as iron and manganese salts. The color standard is designed to make drinking water more palatable.
Water Sanitation
Water Quality
Physical properties: C-Turbidity: Turbidity refers to a muddy or unclear condition of water caused by suspended clay, silt, organic and inorganic matter, ground waters are generally less turbid than the surface water.
Water Sanitation
Water Quality
Physical properties : Temperature : the Temperature of surface water is generally at atmospheric temperature, while that of ground water may be more less than atmospheric Temperature. Temperature for public supply is between 4c to 10 c.
Chemical properties : A-PH-Value: depending up on the nature of dissolve salts and minerals,the water found in natural sources may be acidic or alkaline.ph scale 0-7 is acidic range ph -7 is pure water from ph (7-14) alkaline range.betwen(6.5-8.5) permissible.
Water Quality
Water Sanitation
Water Sanitation
Water Quality
Chemical properties : B-Arsenic : Arsenic can be present in natural water sources in a wide range of concentrations. It can come from either natural or industrial sources. WHOs norms for drinking water Standards for (0.01-0.05)mgrams/ liter for domestic use.
Chemical properties : C-Chloride: Chloride exists in most natural waters. It is the main anion found in seawater. Chloride comes from natural salt deposits, domestic and industrial waste, and agricultural runoff. Even in low concentrations, chloride can produce an objectionable taste in water. The chloride standard ensures that potable water is also palatable. This will reduce the chance that soldiers will reject the water and suffer from dehydration or heat injury.
Water Quality
Water Sanitation
Water Sanitation
Water Quality
Chemical properties :
D-Hardness: Hardness, a characteristic of water, is chiefly due to the carbonates and sulfates of calcium, iron, and magnesium. It is commonly computed from the amounts of calcium and magnesium in the water and expressed as equivalent calcium carbonate.
Water Sanitation
Water Quality
Bacteriological properties-: It is not practical to test water for all disease causing organisms, pathogens that may occur in water, but there are bacteria from human gut which will always be present as a result of faecal contamination.
Water Information-1 :
Water Sanitation 3-Surface
The quality of Surface Water from in Pounds rivers,strams, , reservoirs is usually poor, and, although some up land surface sources can be relatively free from pollution, surface water normally needs treatment before it can be supplied as safe drinking water . Surface waters naturally contain a wide variety of substances, and human activities inevitably add to this mixture. water is necessary before designing water supply scheme need for treatment .
Water Sanitation
3-Surface Water
3.1-Spring:
spring is a place of earths where ground water emerges naturally. The water source of most springs is rainfall that seeps in to the ground up hill from the spring out let. Spring water moves down hill through sailor rocks until it is forced out of ground by natural pressure. Spring may be contaminated by surface water or other sources . The ground surface
Water Sanitation
Surface Water
Spring development:
Proper spring development helps ported the water supply from contamination Spring development is to collect the following water under ground to protect from surface contamination and store it in a sanitary spring box. That all rural people will have access to safe drinking water near their households. Develop basic capacity for safe, domestic water supply sufficiently for all people in rural area.
Protection of Spring:
Surface Water
Water Sanitation
Surface Water
Spring:
Water Sanitation
Water Sanitation
Surface water
Sanitation of Springs:
Water Sanitation
Surface Water
Sanitation of Springs:
Water Sanitation
Surface Water
Spring seepage
Water Sanitation
4-Ground Water
The quality of surface water from
river, streams, pouds, and reservoirs is usually poor, and although some upland surface sources can be relatively free from pollution, surface water normally needs treatment before it can be supplied as safe drinking water.
Water Sanitation
Ground water is a resource found
Ground Water
under the earth's surface. Most ground water comes from rain and melting snow soaking into the ground. Water fills the spaces between rocks and soils, making an "aquifer". About half of our nation's drinking water comes from ground water. Most is supplied through public drinking water systems. But many families rely on private, household wells and use ground water as their source of fresh water.
Ground Water
Water Sanitation
Well site selection:

The number of person to be served from one hand pump should not be less then (150). As a standard from Afghanistan , (250), people should be considered for one hand pump well The distance between tow wells in populated areas should not exceed (500)meters If the population of one village is less then (150) but is isolated it should provided with one hand pump.
Water Sanitation
Ground Water
Well site selection
The well should be located uphill and the latrine or cesspool downhill. It such possibility dose not exist, a minimum distance of (20) meters between the well and the latrine is required. Around of the well is stone wall at least half a meter high The bottom of a pit or vault latrine in homogenous of the ground water. The well should not be placed too close to barns or manure piles , from which excessive chemical pollution in the form of nitrates may be obtained .
Water Sanitation
2-Ground Water
Well protection:
Water Sanitation
2-Ground Water
Well protection
Water Sanitation
2-Ground Water
Well protection
Water Sanitation
2-Ground Water
Well protection
Water Sanitation
2-Ground Water
Well protection
5-Hygiene education
Definition-1:
Water Sanitation
Hygiene education is an essential part of the promotion and maintenance of good health in Afghanistan.
Definition-2:
In addition to its association with diseases, access to drinking water and household latrine may be particularly important for women
5-Hygiene education
Water Sanitation
and children, particularly in rural areas, who bear the primary responsibility for carrying water often for long distances, cleaning faeces from children, personal and family hygiene and preparing food.
Definition-3:
Safe drinking water and hygienic

sanitation facilities are a basic
5-Hygiene education
Water Sanitation
Definition-4:
necessity for good health. Unsafe drinking water and inadequate sanitation can be a significant carrier of diseases such us diarrhoea, trachoma, typhoid, schistosomiasis and etc .
Contaminated water can be a threat
to anyone's health, but especially to young children.
5-Hygiene education
Water Sanitation
Safe drinking water and hygienic sanitation facilities are a basic necessity for good health. Unsafe drinking water and inadequate sanitation can be a significant carrier of diseases such us diarrhoea, trachoma, typhoid, schistosomiasis and etc.

Water Supply Distribution Net Work

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Water Supply Distribution Net Work

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

1

: GROUND WATER HYDROGEOLOGY. II. : WATER SUPPLY NETWORK. iii.:WATER SANITATION

ii. Ground Water hydrology

Stereography and geochronology

General information of rocks:

Ground Water hydrology

Ground Water hydrology

Ground Water hydrology

Ground Water hydrology

Ground Water hydrology

Ground Water hydrology

Ground Water hydrology

Ground Water hydrology

Ground Water hydrology

Ground Water hydrology

Ground Water hydrology

Ground Water hydrology

Ground Water hydrology

5. Hydrogeology (Ground water):

Ground Water hydrology

Ground Water hydrology

II. -Water Supply system

2-Water Supply system

2-Water Supply system

2-Water Supply system

2-Water Supply system

2-Water Supply system

2-Water Supply system

Types of source and flow discharge measurement

2-Water Supply system .

2-Water Supply system

2-Water Supply system

Types of source and flow discharge measurement

2-Water Supply system

2-Water Supply system

Types of source and flow discharge measurement

2-Water Supply system

2-Water Supply system

Technical survey Topographic Survey

2-Water Supply system

2-Water Supply system

2-Water Supply system

2-Water Supply system

Technical survey Topographic Survey

2-Water Supply system

2-Water Supply system

Technical survey Topographic Survey

2-Water Supply system

Technical survey Topographic Survey

2-Water Supply system

Demand main factors:

2-Water Supply system

Water Supply system

Water Supply system

Water Supply system

Water Supply system

Water Supply system

Design Parameters & Population Forecast

Water Supply system

Water Supply system

Water Supply system

Water Supply system

Water Supply system

Water Supply system