Kuliah 1 Introduction and Measurement

Geological Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering
Physics for Scientists and Engineers
Introduction
and
Chapter 1
2
1.1 PENDAHULUAN
Fisika :
Ilmu pengetahuan yang mempelajari benda-benda dialam,
gejala-gejala, kejadian-kejadian alam serta interaksi dari
benda-benda dialam .

Fisika merupakan ilmu pengetahuan dasar yang mempelajari
sifat-sifat dan interaksi antar materi dan radiasi.

Fisika merupakan ilmu pengetahuan yang didasarkan pada
pengamatan eksperimental dan pengukuran kuantitatif
(Metode Ilmiah).

1.2
3
Physics
Fundamental Science
Concerned with the fundamental principles of the Universe
Foundation of other physical sciences
Has simplicity of fundamental concepts
Divided into five major areas
Classical Mechanics
Relativity
Thermodynamics
Electromagnetism
Optics
Quantum Mechanics
4
Fisika
Klasik Kuantum
(sebelum 1920)
(setelah 1920)
Posisi dan Momentum
partikel dapat ditetapkan
secara tepat
ruang dan waktu
merupakan dua hal yang
terpisah
Ketidak pastian Posisi
dan Momentum
partikel
ruang dan waktu
merupakan satu
kesatuan
Hukum Newton
Dualisme
Gelombang-Partikel
Teori Relativitas Einsten
1.3
5
Classical Physics
Mechanics and electromagnetism are basic to
all other branches of classical and modern
physics
Classical physics
Developed before 1900
Our study will start with Classical Mechanics
Also called Newtonian Mechanics or Mechanics
Modern physics
From about 1900 to the present

6
Objectives of Physics
To find the limited number of fundamental laws
that govern natural phenomena
To use these laws to develop theories that can
predict the results of future experiments
Express the laws in the language of
mathematics
Mathematics provides the bridge between theory and
experiment
7
Theory and Experiments
Should complement each other
When a discrepancy occurs, theory may be
modified
Theory may apply to limited conditions
Example: Newtonian Mechanics is confined to objects
traveling slowly with respect to the speed of light
Try to develop a more general theory
8
Classical Physics Overview
Classical physics includes principles in many
branches developed before 1900
Mechanics
Major developments by Newton, and continuing through
the 18
th
century
Thermodynamics, optics and electromagnetism
Developed in the latter part of the 19
th
century
Apparatus for controlled experiments became available
9
Modern Physics
Began near the end of the 19
th
century
Phenomena that could not be explained by
classical physics
Includes theories of relativity and quantum
mechanics
10
Special Relativity
Correctly describes motion of objects moving
near the speed of light
Modifies the traditional concepts of space, time,
and energy
Shows the speed of light is the upper limit for the
speed of an object
Shows mass and energy are related
11
Quantum Mechanics
Formulated to describe physical phenomena at
the atomic level
Led to the development of many practical
devices
12
Measurements
Used to describe natural phenomena
Needs defined standards
Characteristics of standards for measurements
Readily accessible
Possess some property that can be measured reliably
Must yield the same results when used by anyone
anywhere
Cannot change with time
Fact:
The earth has a circumference of approximately
40 million meters (4. X 10
7
m). How fast must one
move on average to travel around the world in 80
days?
Measurement is the quantitative comparison of
a physical parameter to a standard unit. Therefore
we need standards.
Accuracy is the difference of a measurement
from the (unknown) true value. All measurement
contain experimental error.
Precision is the fineness of the division of the
scale used to compare to the standard unit.
Precision limits our knowledge.
Why did we observe a variety of values
in our measurement?
Measurement is the quantitative comparison
of a physical parameter to a standard unit.
Therefore we need standards. a standard unit.

A hand is not a standard unit.
Our measurement is subject to error.
Our measurement is coarse.
16
Precision is the fineness of a measurement.
Accuracy is the correspondence of a
measurement to an (unknown) true value.

Less precise
Less accurate
Standard
Measurement
17
Uncertainty in Measurements
There is uncertainty in every measurement
this uncertainty carries over through the
calculations
May be due to the apparatus, the experimenter,
and/or the number of measurements made
Need a technique to account for this uncertainty
We will use rules for significant figures to
approximate the uncertainty in results of
calculations
What numbers one writes down reveals ones
knowledge (and ignorance) of the actual true
(but unknown) value.

Example:
2. 2.0 2.01 2.0085 2.00852 represent
the values of a measurement at various levels of
precision.
Significant figures:
19
Significant Figures
A significant figure is one that is reliably known
Zeros may or may not be significant
Those used to position the decimal point are not significant
To remove ambiguity, use scientific notation
In a measurement, the significant figures include the
first estimated digit

20
Significant Figures, examples
0.0075 m has 2 significant figures
The leading zeros are placeholders only
Can write in scientific notation to show more clearly:
7.5 x 10
-3
m for 2 significant figures
10.0 m has 3 significant figures
The decimal point gives information about the reliability of
the measurement
1500 m is ambiguous
Use 1.5 x 10
3
Use 1.50 x 10
3
Use 1.500 x 10
3
21
Operations with Significant Figures
Multiplying or Dividing
When multiplying or dividing, the number of
significant figures in the final answer is the same
as the number of significant figures in the
quantity having the lowest number of significant
figures.
Example: 25.57 m x 2.45 m = 62.6 m
2

The 2.45 m limits your result to 3 significant figures
22
Operations with Significant Figures
Adding or Subtracting
When adding or subtracting, the number of
decimal places in the result should equal the
smallest number of decimal places in any term
in the sum.
Example: 135 cm + 3.25 cm = 138 cm
The 135 cm limits your answer to the units decimal
value

23
Operations With Significant Figures
Summary
The rule for addition and subtraction are different
than the rule for multiplication and division
For adding and subtracting, the number of decimal
places is the important consideration
For multiplying and dividing, the number of
significant figures is the important consideration
24
Rounding
Last retained digit is increased by 1 if the last digit
dropped is greater than 5
Last retained digit remains as it is if the last digit
dropped is less than 5
If the last digit dropped is equal to 5, the retained
digit should be rounded to the nearest even number
Saving rounding until the final result will help
eliminate accumulation of errors
25
Standards of Fundamental Quantities
Standardized systems
Agreed upon by some authority, usually a
governmental body
SI Systme International
Agreed to in 1960 by an international committee
Main system used in this text
26
1770 1780 1790 1800 1810
Fundamental Units
Systme International de Metrique (SI) Metric System
First introduced in France in 1799(on Napoleons coup)
La
$
American Rev
US Constitution
French Rev
Napoleon
27
Fundamental Quantities and Their Units
Quantity SI Unit
Length meter
Mass kilogram
Time second
Temperature Kelvin
Electric Current Ampere
Luminous Intensity Candela
Amount of Substance mole
28
Quantities Used in Mechanics
In mechanics, three basic quantities are used
Length
Mass
Time
Will also use derived quantities
These are other quantities that can be expressed in
terms of the basic quantities
Example: Area is the product of two lengths
Area is a derived quantity
Length is the fundamental quantity
29
Length
Length is the distance between two points in
space
Units
SI meter, m
Defined in terms of a meter the distance
traveled by light in a vacuum during a given time

30
Mass
Units
SI kilogram, kg
Defined in terms of a kilogram, based on a
specific cylinder kept at the International Bureau
of Standards
31
Standard Kilogram
32
Time
Units
seconds, s
Defined in terms of the oscillation of radiation
from a cesium atom
33
US Customary System
Still used in the US, but text will use SI

Quantity Unit
Length foot
Mass slug
Time second
34
Prefixes
Prefixes correspond to powers of 10
Each prefix has a specific name
Each prefix has a specific abbreviation
35
Prefixes, cont.
The prefixes can be used with any basic units
They are multipliers of the basic unit
Examples:
1 mm = 10
-3
m
1 mg = 10
-3
g
36
Dimensions and Units
Each dimension can have many actual units
Table 1.5 for the dimensions and units of some
derived quantities

37
Dimensional Analysis
Technique to check the correctness of an equation
or to assist in deriving an equation
Dimensions (length, mass, time, combinations) can
be treated as algebraic quantities
add, subtract, multiply, divide
Both sides of equation must have the same
dimensions
Any relationship can be correct only if the
dimensions on both sides of the equation are the
same
Cannot give numerical factors: this is its limitation
38
Dimensional Analysis, example
Given the equation: x = at
2

Check dimensions on each side:

The T
2
s cancel, leaving L for the dimensions of
each side
The equation is dimensionally correct
There are no dimensions for the constant
L T
T
L
L
2
2
= =
39
Dimensional Analysis to Determine a Power
Law
Determine powers in a proportionality
Example: find the exponents in the expression
You must have lengths on both sides
Acceleration has dimensions of L/T
2

Time has dimensions of T
Analysis gives

m n
x a t
2
x at
40
Symbols
The symbol used in an equation is not necessarily
the symbol used for its dimension
Some quantities have one symbol used consistently
For example, time is t virtually all the time
Some quantities have many symbols used,
depending upon the specific situation
For example, lengths may be x, y, z, r, d, h, etc.
The dimensions will be given with a capitalized,
nonitalicized letter
The algebraic symbol will be italicized
41
Conversion
Always include units for every quantity, you can
carry the units through the entire calculation
Multiply original value by a ratio equal to one
Example

Note the value inside the parentheses is equal to 1 since 1
in. is defined as 2.54 cm
=
| |
=
|
\ .
15.0 ?
2.54
15.0 38.1
1
in cm
cm
in cm
in
42
Order of Magnitude
Approximation based on a number of
assumptions
may need to modify assumptions if more precise
results are needed
Order of magnitude is the power of 10 that
applies
43
KESIMPULAN
44
1.2 BESARAN DAN SATUAN
Besaran :
Sesuatu yang dapat diukur dinyatakan dengan angka (kuantitatif) Contoh
: panjang, massa, waktu, suhu, dll.

Mengukur :
Membandingkan sesuatu dengan sesuatu yang lain yang sejenis yang
ditetapkan sebagai satuan.

contoh : panjang jalan 10 km
Besaran Fisika baru terdefenisi jika : ada nilainya (besarnya)
ada satuannya
nilai
satuan
1.4
45
Satuan :
Ukuran dari suatu besaran ditetapkan sebagai satuan.
Contoh :
Sistem satuan : ada 2 macam
1. Sistem Metrik : a. mks (meter, kilogram, sekon)
b. cgs (centimeter, gram, sekon)
2. Sistem Non metrik (sistem British)

Sistem Internasional (SI)
Sistem satuan mks yang telah disempurnakan yang paling banyak
dipakai sekarang ini.
Dalam SI :
Ada 7 besaran pokok berdimensi dan 2 besaran pokok tak
berdimensi
meter, kilometer satuan panjang
detik, menit, jam satuan waktu
gram, kilogram satuan massa
dll.
1.5
46
NO Besaran Pokok Satuan Singkatan Dimensi
1 Panjang Meter m L
2 Massa Kilogram kg M
3 Waktu Sekon s T
4 Arus Listrik Ampere A I
5 Suhu Kelvin K
6 Intensitas Cahaya Candela cd j
7 Jumlah Zat Mole mol N
7 Besaran Pokok dalam Sistem internasional (SI)
NO Besaran Pokok Satuan Singkatan Dimensi
1 Sudut Datar Radian rad -
2 Sudut Ruang Steradian sr -
Besaran Pokok Tak Berdimensi
1.6
47
Dimensi
Cara besaran itu tersusun oleh besaran pokok.
Besaran Turunan
Besaran yang diturunkan dari besaran pokok.

1. Untuk menurunkan satuan dari suatu besaran
2. Untuk meneliti kebenaran suatu rumus atau persamaan
- Metode penjabaran dimensi :
1. Dimensi ruas kanan = dimensi ruas kiri
2. Setiap suku berdimensi sama
- Guna Dimensi :
1.7
48
Contoh :
a. Tidak menggunakan nama khusus
NO Besaran Satuan
1 Kecepatan meter/detik
2 Luas meter
2
b. Mempunyai nama khusus
NO Besaran Satuan Lambang
1 Gaya Newton N
2 Energi Joule J
3 Daya Watt W
4 Frekuensi Hertz Hz
1.8
49
Besaran Turunan dan Dimensi
NO Besaran Pokok Rumus Dimensi
1 Luas panjang x lebar [L]
2

2 Volume panjang x lebar x tinggi [L]
3

3 Massa Jenis

[m] [L]
-3

4 Kecepatan

[L] [T]
-1

5 Percepatan
[L] [T]
-2
6 Gaya massa x percepatan [M] [L] [T]
-2

7 Usaha dan Energi gaya x perpindahan [M] [L]2 [T]
-2

8 Impuls dan Momentum gaya x waktu [M] [L] [T]
-1
massa
volume
perpindahan
waktu
kecepatan
waktu
1.9
50
Faktor Penggali dalam SI
NO Faktor Nama Simbol
1 10
-18
atto a
2 10
-15
femto f
3 10
-12
piko
p
4 10
-9
nano n
5 10
-6
mikro
6 10
-3
mili m
7 10
3
kilo K
8 10
6
mega M
9 10
9
giga G
10 10
12
tera T
1.10
51
1. Tentukan dimensi dan satuannya dalam SI untuk besaran turunan berikut :
a. Gaya
b. Berat Jenis
c. Tekanan
d. Usaha
e. Daya
Jawab :

b. Berat Jenis = = =

= MLT
-
2
(L
-3
)
= ML
-2
T
-2
satuan kgm
-2

berat
volume
Gaya
Volume
MLT
-2
L
3
a. Gaya = massa x percepatan
= M x LT
-2
= MLT
-2
satuan kgms
-2

c. Tekanan = = = MLT
-2
satuan kgm
-1
s
-1

gaya
luas
MLT
-2
L
2
d. Usaha = gaya x jarak = MLT
-2
x L = ML
2
T
-2
satuan kgm
-2
s
-2

e. Daya = = = ML
2
T
-1
satuan kgm
-2
s
-1

usaha
waktu
ML
2
T
-2
T
Contoh Soal
1.11
52
2. Buktikan besaran-besaran berikut adalah identik :
a. Energi Potensial dan Energi Kinetik
b. Usaha/Energi dan Kalor
Jawab :
a. Energi Potensial : Ep = mgh
Energi potensial = massa x gravitasi x tinggi
= M x LT
-2
x L = ML
2
T
-2
Energi Kinetik : Ek = mv
2

Energi Kinetik = x massa x kecepatan
2

= M x (LT
-1) 2

= ML
2
T
-2
Keduanya (Ep dan Ek) mempunyai dimensi yang sama keduanya identik

b. Usaha = ML
2
T
-2
Energi = ML
2
T
-2
Kalor = 0.24 x energi = ML
2
T
-2
Ketiganya memiliki dimensi yang sama identik

1.12

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Geological Engineering Department

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