SHORT COURSE

ON
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
OF PILE FOUNDATIONS


Prof.(Dr.) SUDHENDU SAHA
Chartered Professional Engineer
Civil Structural Geotechnical Consultant
Formerly
Professor and Head of The Dept. of Civil Engineering,
DEAN of Research Consultancy & Industry Institute Interaction,
Bengal Engineering and Science University, Sibpur

PILE FOUNDATION
APPLICATIONS OF PILES

High Vertical Loads
Uplift Forces
Lateral Loads
Inclined Loads
Water Front Structures
Transmission Towers
Bridge Foundations
Transfering Loads to Deeper Layer
Seismic Forces
Foundations of Machines
Tall Structures etc
BORED PILE WALL
Classification of Piles

Based on Materials
Method of Installation
Method of Load Transfer


Materials Timber
Steel
Concrete
Composite
Installation Driven
Bored
Load Transfer Friction
End Bearing
Factors to Choice of Types
Type of construction.
Availability of pile types
Anticipated pile loads.
Driving characteristics
Equipment available
Time available
Accessibility of site
Comparative costs
PRECAST CONCRETE PILES
BASED ON METHOD OF INSTALLATION

DRIVEN PILES
PRECAST OR CAST IN SITU
BORED PILES
CAST IN SITU PILES
BASED ON LOAD TRNSFER
MECHANISM

FRICTION PILES
END BEARING PILES
PILE DRIVING RIG

SIMPLEX PILING RIG
DROP HAMMER ON PILE
PREMIX CONCRETE USED
STAGES OF INSTALLATION OF
FRANKI PILE
TYPICAL BORED PILING RIG
BORED PILE
ROTARY BORED PILING
BORED CAST INSITU RCC PILES
STAGES OF CONSTRUCTION OF
UNDER REAMED PILE
UNDER-REAMING RIG
TREMIE CONCRETING
CONTINOUS FLIGHT AUGER PILES
Construction Problem
For Bored Pile
1. Caving in of Bore Hole Wall
2. Aggregate Separation during
Concreting
3. Falling Concrete may get Jammed in
Reinforcement
4. Encrustation of Hardened Concrete
5. Clay Lumps may fall into Hole
Effects of Installation
of Bored Piles
Softening of Surrounding Soil
due to
Absorption of Water from Concrete
Seepage of Water
Water Poured into Bore Hole
Soil Sludge Deposited at Tip
Caving of hole
Aggregates Separation
Buckling of Reinforments
Effects of Installation
of Driven Piles in CLAY

Remolding of Soil
Alteration of Stress
Dissipation of Excess Pore Pressures
Strength Regain in Long Term
NECKING IN PILE
NECKING IN PILE
BEHAVIOUR OF PILES
1. Depends on Load Transfer
Mechanism
2. Type and Properties of Soil
3. Full Friction Capacity develops for
much Smaller Penetration
4. Full Point Resistance develops only
forLarge Penetration of 10% of
Diameter
LOAD TRANSFER MECHANISM
FRICTION PILE
END-BEARING PILE
UPLIFT OF PILE
VERTICAL LOAD CAPACITY OF PILE
Static Formula
Using Properties of Soil
Q
ult
= A
b
(9C
b
+ p
d
N
q
) +
td E (o
i
C
i
+ K
i
. p
di
.tano
i
)l
i


ADHESION FACTOR OF PILE IN CLAY
Consistency N value C
u
Values of o
kN/m
2
Bored Piles Driven Piles
Soft to very soft < 4 25 0.7 1.0
Medium 4 to 8 25 to 50 0.5 0.7 to 0.4
Stiff 8 to 15 50 to 100 0.4 0.4 to 0.3
Stiff to hard > 15 > 100 0.3 0
BEARING CAPACITY FACTOR
Meyerhof Formula in Cohesionless
Soil using SPT Values

50 . 0
40 ) (
s
p
b
u
A N
A
d
L
N kN Q + =



N = average N-value at pile toe.
L
b
= length of penetration of pile in the bearing strata
in m.
N = average N-value along the pile shaft.


PILE CAPACITY USING
SCPT DATA

Q
U
= C
kd
A
b
+ 2 f
s
A
s


DYNAMIC FORMULA _ HILEY FORMULA
Q
u
= W h q / ( S + 0.5 C )
q= efficiency of blow = ( W + P e
2
) / ( W + P )
for W > P e
= ( W + P e
2
) / (W + P ) - ( ( W - P e ) /
(W + P ) )
2
, for W<P.e
C = C
1
+ C
2
+ C
3

Elastic Comp. Of Pile C
1
= 0.2 0.25 cm.,
Elastic comp. of head assembly
C
2
= Q
u
L/A
p
E
p
,
Elastic Comp. Of Soil C
3
= 0.25 cm.




SIMPLEX FORMULA
36 . 2 54 . 2
L
x
P
WH
x
L
N
R
p
u
+
=
W = weight of pile hammer in kN.
H = height of free fall in m,
L = length of pile,
P = average set in cm for last four blows
Negative Skin Friction on Pile
WHEN PILE TIP MOVEMENT RESISTED


1. Consolidation of soil under the weight of recent fill
2. Land subsidence due to lowering of ground water table
3. Reconsolidation of soil around pile disturbed by driving.

EFFECT OF SPECING ON
PILE GROUP CAPACITY
FACTORS AFFECTING ULTIMATE
CAPACITY OF PILE GROUP
OVERLAPPING OF STRESS
METHOD OF INSTALLATION
TYPE OF SOILS
LENGTH AND SPACING
LOADTRANSFER MECHANISM
PILE GROUP CAPACITY
Converse-Labarre formula
Group Efficiency
mn
m n n m ) 1 ( ) 1 (
90
1
+
=
u
q
PILE GROUP CAPACITY IN
LAYERED SOIL

PILE GROUP CAPACITY IN CLAY






Q
g
u
= BL C
b
N
c
+ 2 (B+L). D. C
u





Settlement of Pile Group in Clay






S = E h
i
m
vi
Ap
i



LATERAL LOAD CAPACITY OF PILE
Sources of Lateral Loading
- Earth pressures on retaining walls
- Wind Loads and Seismic Loads
- Impact Loads from Ships (Berthing, waves etc. )
- Eccentric Loads on Columns
- Slope movements
- Cable forces on transmission towers


LATERAL LOAD ON VERTICAL
PILE
LATERAL LOAD ON PILE GROUP
LATERAL PILE CAPACITY
DEPENDS ON

PILE DIAMETER AND LENGTH
RELATIVE STIFFNESS
LATERAL SUPPORT NEAR GROUND
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
RIGID & FLEXIBLE PILE
Long Flexible Pile L
e
> 4T or 4R
Short Rigid Pile L
e
< 4T or 4R
T = (EI/k
1
)
0.2
for coarse grained soil
R = (EI/k
2
)
0.25
for fine grained soil
SHORT AND LONG PILES
Values of Constant k
1
(IS:2911)



Soil Type
(coarse grained
soil)

N-value

Values of k
1

Dry Submerged

Loose Sand
Medium Sand
Dense Sand
Very Loose Sand

2 4
4 - 10
10 - 35
< 2

o.26 0.146
0.775 0.525
2.075 1.425
-- 0.0406

Values of Constant k
2
(IS:2911)



Soil
Consistency
(fine grained
soil)

Unconfined
compression
strength q
u
in kg/cm
2


Values of
k
2

kg/m
2


Soft
Medium Stiff
Stiff
Very Stiff


0.20 to 0.40
1 to 2
2 to 4
More than 4


7.75
48.80
97.50
195.50


DEPTH OF FIXITY
SAFE LATERAL PILE CAPACITY
Y =
( )
I E
L L H
y
f
12
3
1
+
=
ULTIMATE LATERAL CAPACITY IN CLAY
ULTIMATE LATERAL CAPACITY IN SAND
METHODS OF IMPROVING LATERAL CAPACITY
LOAD DISTRIBUTION IN PILE GROUP
DEPENDS ON
TYPE OF SOIL
SIZE AND RIGIDITY OF CAP
NUMBER OF PILES
LAYOUT OF PILES
MAGNITUDE OF SETTLEMENT
LOADS ON PILE IN GROUP

=
2 2
y
y M
x
x M
n
Q
Q
x
y
m
STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF PILE
P
u
= 0.4f
ck
A
c
+ 0.6f
sy
A
sc


MACHINE FOUNDATION ON PILES

(a) * IF SAFE BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL
IS EXCEEDED BY LOADING

* TO INCREASE NATURAL FREQUENCY
OF FOUNDATION AND DECREASE
ITS AMPLITUDE OF VIBRATION

* SEISMIC CONSIDERATIONS OR
SENSITYVITY OF MACHINE FOUNDATION
NECESSITATES PILES.

DESIGN CRITERIA
NATURAL FREQUENCY
AMPLITUDE OF OSCILLATION
STABILITY
BASIC DEFINITIONS

PERIOD OF MOTION
FREQUENCY
NATURAL FREQUENCY

AMPLITUDE OF MOTION
FREE VIBRATION
FORCED VIBRATION

RESONANCE
DAMPING
DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF PILES
Pile is vertical, elastic
and circular in section.

It is a floating pile.

It is perfectly connected to soil.
MAGNIFICATION FACTOR VS
FREQUENCY RATIO
FOR CONSTANT PEAK FORCE OF EXCITATION
RESPONSE SYSTEM WITH
ROTATING UNBALANCE
PILE STIFFNESS AND DAMPING
K
w
= (EA/r
0
) . f
w 1


and

C
w
= (EA/V
s
) . f
w 2


AMPLITUDE AT OPERATING FREQUENCY
( ) ( )
2
2
2
2
2 1
.
r D r
r
M
e m
A
e
z
+
=
STIFFNESS AND DAMPING PARAMETERS
STIFFNESS AND DAMPING
PARAMETERS
STIFFNESS AND DAMPING
PARAMETERS
STIFFNESS AND DAMPING
PARAMETERS

CONSTRUCTION
MONITORING AND QUALITY
ASSURANCE


PILE LOAD TEST
Pile Load Testing is the
Most Positive Method of
Determining Pile Capacity
INITIAL PILE LOAD TEST
ROUTINE PILE LOAD TEST
STATIC LOAD TEST
Objective of Load Test

To establish load-settlement relationships in
the pile-soil system
To determine capacity of the pile-soil
system, and
To determine load distribution in the pile-
soil system.

Static Load Test - Test Setup
Reaction
Beam
Stiffeners
Plate
Load Cell
Spherical Bearing
Ram
Hydraulic Jack
Bourdon Gage
Dial Gage
LVDT
Mirror
Scale
Test
Pile
Grade
Bracket Attached to Pile
Wire
LOAD TEST KENTLEDE
ARRANGEMENT
LOAD TEST SET UP
Conventional Arrangement for Pile Load Test


ARRANGEMENT OF HYDRAULIC JACK
DATUM BAR & DIAL GAUGES
Typical Arrangement for Load
Testing a Pile or Drilled Shaft
Reaction Beam
Jack
Dial
Gage
Test Pile or
Drilled Shaft
Support
Beam
Anchor Pile or
Drilled Shaft
LOAD TEST WITH ANCHOR PILES
TYPICAL PILE LOAD TEST FRAME
WITH REACTION PILES
LOADING FRAME WITH
KENTLEDGE
PILE LOAD TEST METHODS
Maintained Equilibrium Load Test
Constant Rate of Penetration Test
Cyclic Load Test.

PLOTS OF Load vs Settlement,
Load vs Time & Time vs Settlement
Load - Settlement Graph
Ultimate
Bearing
Capacity
Load
S
e
t
t
l
e
m
e
n
t

LOAD SETTLEMENT CURVE
CRITERIA FOR DETERMINATION OF
ALLOWABLE LOAD ON PILE


One-half of Ultimate load indicated by double
tangent method
Two-third of Load for 12 mm total settlement
Two-third of Load for 6 mm Net Settlement
Half of Load for Settlement of 10% of Dia

Whichever is the lowest
SEPARATION OF FRICTION AND
POINT RESISTANCE
LATERAL LOAD TEST ON PILE

PULL OUT TEST


LATERAL DYNAMIC LOAD TEST
FREE VIBRATION TEST
FORCED VIBRATION TEST
QUALITY CONTROL



Whether Pile Tip Has reached Firm Stratum
OR Specified Termination Depth
Whether Concreting done Properly
Whether load Settlement Characteristics
Satisfactory

INTEGRITY TESTING

Check for Pile Discontinuity
which may occur due to
Encrustation of Concrete
Jamming of Concrete
Falling of Clay Lumps

CHECKING OF INTEGRITY
BY

EXCAVATION OF PILE SHAFT

EXPLORATORY BORING THROUGH PILE SHAFT

SONIC TEST
Osterberg Load Test Setup
Cell Expansion Telltale
Dial Gage 2
Friction Collar
Dial Gage 1
High Strength Pipe
Shaft Compression Telltale
Pile Top (Side Shear)
Movement Gage
Reference Beam
Prestressed
Concrete Pile
Osterberg Cell
Cast Into Pile
Pile Shaft
Resistance
Hand Operated
Hydraulic Pump
with Pressure
Gage and
Pressure
Transducer
Statnamic Load Test Setup
Pressure Chamber
Load Cell
Base Plate Grouted to
Foundation
Concrete or Steel Reaction Mass
Loose Granular Fill
Propellant
Launching Cylinder
Piston Base
Displacement
Measuring Means
Pile or Drilled Shaft
Statnamic Load Test Mechanism
Load (MN)
0
-1
-4
-2
-3
-5
-6
0
1 2 3 4 5
D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

(
m
m
)

THANK YOU