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Chapter 2 1
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Chapter 2 2
1.0 DC SOURCE
Chapter 2 3
DC SOURCE contd.
• V can be positive/negative.
Chapter 2 4
DC SOURCE contd.
• Voltage sources can be connected in series
where the value is added.
Chapter 2 5
DC SOURCE contd.
Chapter 2 6
DC SOURCE contd.
• Note the sign of current can be positive
/negative.
- - + +
+ + - -
Chapter 2 7
DC SOURCE contd.
• Current sources cannot be connected
in series.
Chapter 2 8
DC SOURCE contd.
• Technically allowed if I1 = I2, but is a bad
idea.
Chapter 2 9
2.0 OHM’S LAW
• It is represented by symbol R.
Chapter 2 10
OHM’S LAW contd.
Chapter 2 11
OHM’S LAW contd.
v i
v mi
Chapter 2 13
OHM’S LAW contd.
Chapter 2 14
OHM’S LAW contd.
• Thus the equation becomes:
v iR
which is the mathematical form of Ohm’s law.
Chapter 2 15
OHM’S LAW contd.
• An element with R = 0 – short circuit.
v iR 0
Chapter 2 16
OHM’S LAW contd.
• An element with R = – open circuit.
i0
Chapter 2 17
OHM’S LAW contd.
• Another quantity in circuit analysis – conductance,
denoted by G.
1 i
G
R v
• Inverse of resistance.
Ω
• 1S = 1 = 1 A/V
Chapter 2 18
OHM’S LAW contd.
• Conductance – the ability of an element to
conduct electric current.
Chapter 2 19
OHM’S LAW contd.
• Or can also be expresses in term of G:
2
i
p vi v G
2
Chapter 2 20
3.0 RESISTOR
Chapter 2 21
RESISTOR contd.
Chapter 2 22
RESISTOR contd.
Chapter 2 24
RESISTOR contd.
Chapter 2 25
RESISTOR contd.
Chapter 2 26
EXAMPLE
v 240
i 20 A
R 12
Chapter 2 27
• In the given circuit, calculate the current i, the
conductance G and the power p.
Chapter 2 28
Solution:
The voltage across the resistor is the same as the source
voltage (30V) because the resistor and the voltage source are
connected to the same pair of terminals. Hence the current is
v 30
i 6mA
R 5k
The conductance is
1 1
G 0.2mS
R 5k
p vi 30(6m ) 180mW
Chapter 2 29
or
p i 2R (6m )2 (5k ) 180mW
or
p v 2G 302 (0.2m ) 180mW
or
v 2 302
p 180mW
R 5k
Chapter 2 30
• For the given circuit, calculate the voltage v, the
conductance G and the power p.
Answer:
20V, 100µS, 40mW
Chapter 2 31
4.0 CAPACITOR
• It is a passive elements.
Chapter 2 32
CAPACITOR contd.
• Capacitor acts as a storage element:
There is a capacitor in parallel with the
resistor and light bulb. The way the capacitor
functions is by acting as a very low resistance
load when the circuit is initially turned on.
Chapter 2 34
CAPACITOR contd.
Chapter 2 35
CAPACITOR contd.
Chapter 2 36
CAPACITOR contd.
Chapter 2 37
5.0 INDUCTOR
Chapter 2 38
INDUCTOR contd.
• Inductance is measured in henrys (H).
• Example:
– What you see here is a battery, a light bulb, a coil of wire
around a piece of iron (yellow) and a switch. The coil of
wire is an inductor.
Chapter 2 39
INDUCTOR contd.
– Without the inductor in this circuit, what you
would have is a normal flashlight. You close the
switch and the bulb lights up.
Chapter 2 40
INDUCTOR contd.
– While the field is building, the coil inhibits the
flow of current. Once the field is built, current
can flow normally through the wire (coil).
Chapter 2 42
6.0 KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS
Chapter 2 43
KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS contd.
• Kirchhoff’s first law is based on the law of
conservation of charge, which required that the
algebraic sum of charges within a system cannot
change.
i
n 1
n 0 N = number of branches connected to a node.
Chapter 2 44
KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS contd.
• Recall: Law of conservation of charge – charge can neither be
created or destroyed, only transferred. Thus the algebraic sum
of the electric charge in a system does not change.
• Common sense:
– All of the electrons have to go somewhere.
– The current that goes in, has to come out some place.
Chapter 2 45
KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS contd.
• Consider the following figure where all the current
can be combined as in figure (b).
Chapter 2 46
KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS contd.
• Kirchhoff’s second law is based on the principle of
conservation energy.
v
m 1
m 0 M = number of voltages on the loop.
Chapter 2 47
KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS contd.
• Thus, KVL yields
v1 v 2 v 3 v 4 v 5 0
Chapter 2 48
KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS contd.
Chapter 2 49
KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS contd.
• Much of the circuit analysis will be based on these three laws.
Ohm’s Law : v iR
KCL : in 0
KVL :
v 0
m
• Important notes:
– If current enter at positive terminal
• v = +iR
• p = +vi
Chapter 2 50
EXAMPLE
Chapter 2 51
Apply Ohm’s law & KVL. Assume the current i
flow through the loop as shown below.
Thus, i = 4A
Chapter 2 53
EXAMPLE
Thus,
i1 = i2 = i3
Chapter 2 57
SERIES RESISTORS AND VOLTAGE DIVIDER contd.
• KVL (clockwise):
v1 + v2 – v = 0 (2.2)
• Can be written as
v = iReq
Chapter 2 Req = R1 + R2
where 59
SERIES RESISTORS AND VOLTAGE DIVIDER contd.
R1 R2
v1 v v2 v
R1 R2 R1 R2
Chapter 2 61
8.0 PARALLEL RESISTORS AND CURRENT
DIVIDER
Chapter 2 62
PARALLEL RESISTORS AND CURRENT DIVIDER contd.
or
v v
i1 i2 (2.4)
R1 R2
(2.6)
v v 1 1 1
i v v
R1 R2 R1 R2 Req
Chapter 2 64
PARALLEL RESISTORS AND CURRENT DIVIDER contd.
where
1 1 1
Req R1 R2
R1R2
Req
R1 R2
(eq 2.7)
• The above eq 2.7 only apply for two resistor
in parallel.
Chapter 2 65
PARALLEL RESISTORS AND CURRENT DIVIDER contd.
1 1 1 1
...
Req R1 R2 RN
where G = 1/R
Chapter 2 67
PARALLEL RESISTORS AND CURRENT DIVIDER contd.
Chapter 2 68
EXAMPLE
Answer: Req =
14.4Ω
Chapter 2 69
2) Find Req for the above figure.
Chapter 2 70
• Find Rab for the above figure.
Chapter 2 71
• Find Rab and current i for the above figure.
Chapter 2 72
9.0 WYE-DELTA TRANSFORMATIONS
Chapter 2 73
WYE-DELTA TRANSFORMATIONS contd.
Chapter 2 74
WYE-DELTA TRANSFORMATIONS contd.
Rb Rc
R1
Ra Rb Rc
Ra Rc
R2
Ra Rb Rc
Ra Rb
R3
Ra Rb Rc
Chapter 2 76
WYE-DELTA TRANSFORMATIONS contd.
• Wye-Delta conversion:
Chapter 2 77
EXAMPLE
Chapter 2 78
Rb Rc 10(25) 250
R1 5
Ra Rb Rc 15 10 25 50
Ra Rc 25(15) 375
R2 7.5
Ra Rb Rc 15 10 25 50
Ra Rb 15(10) 150
R3 3
Ra Rb Rc 15 10 25 50
Chapter 2 79
Converted delta to wye network:
Chapter 2 80
2) Convert the wye network to delta network
Chapter 2 81
3) Obtain the equivalent resistance Rab for the circuit
below.
Chapter 2 82
Answer: Rab = 9.632Ω & i = 12.458A
Chapter 2 83