SPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, NOISE

By Jorge Molina & Rodrigo Chvez

SPEAKERS
Uses Electromagnetic Motor A current is fed to the ends of the coil which creates a magnetic field. The coil vibrates when the magnets field interacts with the coils field.

The cone amplifies the sound waves.

MICROPHONE
1) Sound waves created by your voice. 2) Diaphragm 3) Voice Coil

4) Permanent Magnet
5) Electric Current

FARADAYS LAW OF INDUCTION

The electromotive force induced on the coil may be calculated with the following formula: = Where: N = Number of turns = Magnetic flux density B = Magnetic Field

, =

MAGNETIC FIELD IN THE COIL

Knowing the current I that goes through the coil, we may calculate the magnetic field on the coil with the following formula: =
0 2

Where: 0 = Permeability.

r = radius of the coil.

THE CURRENT INDUCED

It is important to know that a current in a conductor generates a magnetic field. Likewise, a magnetic field that changes in time generates a current in a conductor. The Right-Hand Rule can be used to determine the direction of the current.

ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY
A current going through a coil has an Electromagnetic Energy which may be calculated with the following formula. =
1 2 2

()

W = Energy Stored (J) L = Inductance I = Current

INDUCTANCE
The Inductance (L) from the Electromagnetic Energy may be calculated with the following formula: =
0.393 2 2 9+10

Where:
a = Radius of the coil b = lenght n = Number of turns

MATERIALS TONAL CHARACTER

Cone Paper, aluminum, titanium, polypropylene, or ceramic (to name a few). Voice-Coil Former Aluminum, Kapton, Nomex or paper. Voice-Coil Cover paper or aluminum. Magnet AlNiCo (Aluminum-Nickel-Cobalt) or Ceramic (Strontium Ferrite).

NOISE
What is noise? It is undesired sound that distorts the reproduction of any audio signal. This noise may come from a badly tuned radio or from outside noise while listening to your headphones.

PASSIVE NOISE REDUCTION (HEADPHONES)

The On-Ear Headphones apply a certain pressure to your ear so that no sound enters your ear while listening to any recording. This is also called noise isolation because it isolates the listener from outside noise. This is only a physical method of noise reduction.

ACTIVE NOISE REDUCTION (HEADPHONES)

There is a microphone outside of the headphones that captures the outside noise and inverts it. This inverted signal cancels out with the sound that inevitably goes through your headphones. Sound wave Sound wave Inverted

ACTIVE NOISE REDUCTION (MICROPHONE)

There is an additional microphone placed on the back of the main input. This additional microphone captures a sound which is then inverted and added to the sound wave that the main input captures. The inverted signal will cancel out with the main input signal leaving only the desired signal without noise.

POP FILTERS
These are placed in front of the microphone. This serves for two reasons: To reduce certain input noise from the signal going into the microphone. And to reduce the amount of saliva that may build up on the microphone.