02.04.

2013
asoc.prof.Blms
1
Electromagnetic induction
dt
d
m
i
u
= c
dt
d
m
i
u
= c
| | s V Wb =1 1
o cos BS
m
= u
The induced emf in a circuit is equal (except for a minus
sign) to the rate at which the flux through the circuit is
changing.
2
Lenzs Law:
The induced current will appear in such a direction that
it opposes the change that produced it.
- defines the direction of the induced current.
The direction of the
induced current if
d
B
> 0
The direction of the
induced current if
d
B
< 0

S
B

S
B

02.04.2013 asoc.prof.Blms 3
Self-induction
I L
M
= +
L inductivity of the coil

[1 H = 1 Wb/A]
|
.
|

\
|
+
dt
dL
I
dt
dI
L

S
= - self-induction emf
If L = const,
than
S
=
dt
dI
L
I
An induced emf appears in a coil if the current in that same
coil is changed.
02.04.2013 asoc.prof.Blms 4
Switch-in current

L
R
P
1
2 0
+
I
0

I
t
t
1

t
2
> t
1

L
2
> L
1

|
.
|

\
|
=

e
R
I
t
L
R
1
c
R
L
= t
- time constant.
02.04.2013 asoc.prof.Blms 5
Switch-off current
e
I I
t
L
R

=
0
I
0

I
t
t
2
> t
1

L
2
> L
1

t
1

02.04.2013 asoc.prof.Blms 6
Mutual induction
- induction of emf in a coil, if the
change of current in other coil
proceeds
I
N
1

N
2

1.
2.
+
12

2 12 1
I M
M
= +
1 21 2
I M
M
= +
M M M = =
21 12
- coefficient of
mutual induction

21
=
dt
dI
M
1

12
=
dt
dI
M
2

Transformers:
1
2
1
2
N
N
U
U
=

1
2
U
U
The coefficient of
transformation
7
Energy of the magnetic field
.
2
2
I L
W
m

=
A part of energy of current always is used for creation of
magnetic field, therefore,
The energy of magnetic field is equal to the work done by the
current during creation of magnetic field or to the flux of
magnetic field related to the current.
Work done for creation of magnetic flux is
.
2
0
2
}
= =
I
LI
LIdI A
The magnetic field energy, related to
the curcuit with the current:
8
Maxwells equations for
electromagnetic field
9
Maxwells theory is:
phenomenologic - the processes taking place in the media are
not examined, properties of the media are described by three
constants: dielectric constant c, magnetic constant and
electric conductivity ;
macroscopic field generated by atoms (and inside it) are
not examined, field are characterised bymean values for
relatively small volumes (but, nevertheless, many times
bigger than atoms);
fundamental not only known physical phenomena were
discribed, but also the existence of additional were forecasted:
electromagnetic waves, the nature of the light etc.
10
The generalization of the Faraday EM
induction law
According to the Maxwells theory alternating electric field
creates alternating magnetic field and vice versa: alternating
magnetic field creates alternating electric field.
These secondary field have eddy flow
(vortex) character lines of secondary
field are closed concentric lines with
primary lines in center.
11
The generalization of the Faraday EM induction law
As a result, electric and magnetic field, initially related to the
electric charges and currents, becomes free and can propagate
in the space:
12
Displacement current
According to te Maxwells hypothesis that conduction
currents, flowing in the conductors are continued between the
plates of capacitor by other, special kind of the current
displacement current; it is directly proportional to the rate of
change of intensity of electric field and is equal to the
conduction current in outer circuit.
~
In the capacitor existing
magnetic field J.Maxwell
has explained by the
existence of such current.

B

13
Displacement current
dt
P d
dt
E d
j
nb

+ =
0
c
the density of the displacement current in
vacuum;
the density of polarisation current in
dielectrics.
Having filled the volume between electrodes of the capacitor
with dielectrical substance we can conclude that the change of
the intensity of electric field is related with the orientation of
the dipoles (molecules or atoms). The shift of the charges,
taking place during this orientation creates additional
displacement current polarization current.
The density of the total current will be:

dt
dP

dt
dE
0
c
14
Displacement current
nb v
j j j

+ =
- the density of the total current
in the circuit.
It means, every change of the electric field in time (also in
vacuum) is related with the arising of the magnetic field in
surrounding space.
The conduction and displacement current can exist simultaneously:
15
1. Maxwells equation
}

}
=
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
S
N
k
k
K
dS n
dt
B d
l d E
1
c

Other definition of the equations point: in the space, where
magnetic field is changed, vortex (lines of E are closed)
electric field appears.
is equal to
Induced in K emf
and the sum of other (nature) emfs.
The circulation of the intensity vector along the closed path K
16
2. Maxwells equation
dS n
t
D
j l d H
S K

} }
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+ =
The circulation of the magnetic field
intensity along the closed path K
Other definition of the equations point: in the space,
where electric field is changed, vortex (lines of H are
closed) magnetic field appears.
is equal to
The total current inside this path.
17
3. Maxwells equation
The 3rd Maxwells equation is the Gauss law for magnetic
field:
. 0
}
=
s
dS n B

Other definition of the equations point: in the nature doesnt

exist magnetic charges.
18
4. Maxwells equation
.
}
=
s
V
Q dS n D

4th Maxwells equation is the Gauss law for electric field:

Other definition of the equations point: in the nature exist
electrical charges (acting as sources of electric field).
19
,
0
E D

c c =
,
0
H B

=
. E j

=
It makes sense to add equations showing the influence of the
ambient on electric and magnetic characterizing values: