Pineal gland can secret

melatonin. Melatonin is
important in the regulation of
day-night cycles, with
secondary effects on
reproductive function.

habenula
Subthalamic nucleus
Intermediate adhesion ： a medial
projection of gray matter , extends into the
ventricle fro the thalamus on either side; 70%
the two fuse in the midline.

Intermediat
e adhesion

Dorsal
thalamus
Cerebellum &
Diencephalon
Xu Jin
Department of Anatomy
Chongqing Medical University
overview

cerebellum

diencephalon
 cerebellum
Function Superior cerebellar
peduncle
It is involved in equilibrium, in
muscle tone and postural
control, and in the
coordination of voluntary
movements.

It covers most of post. Inferior

surface of the brainstem , cerebellar
anchored there by three peduncle
pairs of fiber bundles called
cerebellar peduncles.

Middle cerebellar
peduncle
External features
Divided in transversely

Flocculonodular
lobe
cerebell Posteriolateral
fissure
um Ant.
Primary
Body of fissure
lobe
cerebellum Post. lobe
 Divided in functionally

Vermis
vermis Intermediate zone
Intermediate zone
Hemisphere

Tonsils are two elevated massed

on the inf. surface. It’s close to the hemisphere
magnum foramen and can be
developed into tonsillar herniation
Flocculonodular lobe vestibulocerebellum To maintain the equilibrium
; archicerebellum
Ant. lobe paleocerebellum; To influence muscle tone and
spinocerebellum synergy of muscle during
stereotyped movement
Post. lobe neocerebellum To ensure the coordination of
pontocerebellum muscles fro accuracy of
nonstereotyped movement
 Internal features

Gray matter ( cortex)

share common organization
White matter (medullary center)
deep nuclei; cerebellar peduncles

*arbor vitae
The arbor vitae (Latin for "
Tree of Life") is the cerebellar
white matter, so called for its
branched, tree-like
appearance. It brings sensory
and motor information to and
from the cerebellum.
Deep cerebellar nuclei

dentate nucleus
emboliform / globose nucleus: interposed nucleus
fastigial nucleus
Dentate nucleus

Fastigial Globose and

nucleus emboliform nuclei
Inf. cerebellar peduncle Mainly of afferents ;
( restiform body) From the spinal cord and
brainstem
Mid. cerebellar peduncle Largest of the three;
( brachium pontis) Exclusively of afferents;
From the pontine nuclei
Sup. cerebellar peduncle Major efferents;
(brachium conjunctivum) To the red nucleus and
thalamus
Diencephalon
It’s mostly hidden from view between
the cerebral hemispheres. It has
extremely widespread and important
connections, and the great majority of
sensory, motor, and limbic pathways
involve one of more relays in the
diencephalons.
It lies between the brainstem and cerebrum and can be divided into:

 Epithalamus ----- pineal gland and habenular nuclei

 Subthalamus ----- subthalamic nucleus

 Metathalamus ----- medial and lateral geniculate bodies

(put them in the dorsal thalamus to study

 Dorsal thalamus ----- also called thalamus

 Hypothalamus
 Dorsal thalamus
It is a large, egg-shaped nuclear mass which makes up about 80% of
the diencephalons.

The thalamic nuclei provides relay centers for both sensory and
motor pathways.

Between the 2 thalami , it is the

3rd ventricle.

Intermediate adhesion
Thalamic nuclei can be
distinguished from each
other both by their
topographical locations
within the thalamus and by
the patterns of their inputs
and outputs.
 Dorsal thalamus

Subdivisi Nuclei Specific inputs Cortical

Ant on anterior output
group
Medial Dorsomedial (DM)
group
Lateral Dorsal tier
group Lateral dorsal
( Lateral
LD) post. ( LP)
Pulvinar
Ventral tier
Ventral ant. (VA) Basal ganglia; Motor areas
cerebellum
Ventral lat. (VL)
Ventral Medial lemnisus Somatosenso
posterolateral (body) ; ry cortex
(VPL) spinothalamic tract
Ventral (body)
Medial lemnisus Somatosenso
posteromedial(VPM (face) ; ry cortex
) spinothalamic tract
Medial geniculate (face)
Brachium of the inf. Auditory
(Lateral
MGN) geniculate colliculus
Optic tract cortex
Visual cortex
( LGN)
 Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus links the nervous system
to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
(hypophysis). The hypothalamus is located
below the thalamus, just above the brain stem
. This brain region occupies the major portion
of the ventral diencephalon. It is found in all
mammalian brains. In humans, it is roughly
the size of an almond.

The hypothalamus is responsible for certain metabolic

processes and other activities of the
Autonomic Nervous System. It synthesizes and secretes
neurohormones, often called hypothalamic-releasing
hormones, and these in turn stimulate or inhibit the
secretion of pituitary hormones. Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger,

thirst, fatigue, anger, and circadian cycles.
Suggested website
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamus#cite_note-0
Some of the formation are:
Optic chiasma
Optic tract
Tube cinereum
Infundibulum
Mamillary body

Mamillary body

Optic
chiasma

infundibulum
Some of the nuclei are:
Paraventricular nucleus Paraventricular
Supraoptic nucleus nucleus
Suprachiasma nucleus
Mamillary nucleus

Supraoptic
nucleus

Suprachiasma
Mamillary nucleus nucleus
The end