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IPV6-THE NEXT GENERATION PROTOCOL

Session Number Presentation_ID

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Introduction

What is IP?
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer to another on the Internet.

History
In 1978, the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) mandated the use of IPv4 for all host-tohost data exchange enabling IPv4 to become the mechanism for the military to create integrated versus stovepiped communications.
2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Do We Really Need a Larger Address Space?


Internet Users or PC
~530 million users in Q2 CY2002, ~945 million by 2004 (Source: Computer Industry Almanac) Emerging population/geopolitical and Address space

PDA, Pen-Tablet, Notepad,


~20 million in 2004

Mobile phones
Already 1 billion mobile phones delivered by the industry

Transportation
1 billion automobiles forecast for 2008

Internet access in Planes

Consumer devices
Billions of Home and Industrial Appliances
2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Explosion of New Internet Appliances

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Techniques to reduce address shortage in IPv4

Subnetting Network Address Translation (NAT) Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR)

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Subnetting
Three-level hierarchy: network, subnet, and host. The extended-network-prefix is composed of the classful network-prefix and the subnet-number The extended-network-prefix has traditionally been identified by the subnet mask
Network-Prefix
2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Subnet-Number Host-Number
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Subnetting Example
128.10.1.1 H1 128.10.1.2 H2

Sub-network 128.10.1.0 Internet G All traffic to 128.10.0.0 128.10.2.1 H3 128.10.2.2 H4

Net mask 255.255.0.0


Sub-network 128.10.2.0
2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Subnet mask 255.255.255.0

Network Address Translation

Each organizationsingle IP address Within organization each host with IP unique to the orgn., from reserved set of IP addresses

3 Reserved ranges
10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255 (16,777,216 hosts)

172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255/12 (1,048,576 hosts) 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255/16 (65,536 hosts)

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

NAT Example
10.0.0.4

B
10.0.0.1

Source Computer A B C D

Source Computer's IP Address


10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.3 10.0.0.4

Source Computer's Port


400 50 3750 206

NAT Router's IP Address 24.2.249.4 24.2.249.4 24.2.249.4 24.2.249.4

NAT Router's Assigned Port Number


1 2 3 4

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Classless Inter-Domain Routing


Eliminates traditional classful IP routing.

Supports the deployment of arbitrarily sized networks


Routing information is advertised with a bit mask/prefix length specifies the number
of leftmost contiguous bits in the network portion of each routing table entry

Example: 192.168.0.0/21

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Features of IPv6
Larger Address Space Aggregation-based address hierarchy Efficient backbone routing Efficient and Extensible IP datagram

Stateless Address Autoconfiguration


Security (IPsec mandatory) Mobility

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

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128-bit IPv6 Address


3FFE:085B:1F1F:0000:0000:0000:00A9:1234

8 groups of 16-bit hexadecimal numbers separated by :


Leading zeros can be removed
3FFE:85B:1F1F::A9:1234 :: = all zeros in one or more group of 16-bit hexadecimal numbers

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Basic Address Types


unicast:
for one-to-one communication
U M

multicast:
for one-to-many communication

M M A

anycast:
for one-to-nearest communication
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2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

A A

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IPv6 Stateless Auto-configuration

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Major Improvements of IPv6 Header


No option field: Replaced by extension header. Result in a fixed length, 40-byte IP header. No header checksum: Result in fast processing. No fragmentation at intermediate nodes: Result in fast IP forwarding.

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

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IPv6: Security Issues


Provision for
Authentication header
Guarantees authenticity and integrity of data

Encryption header
Ensures confidentiality and privacy

Encryption modes:
Transport mode Tunnel mode

Independent of key management algorithm. Security implementation is mandatory requirement in IPv6.


AprKanpur IIT 2005
2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Mobility Support in IPv6


Mobile computers are becoming commonplace. Mobile IPv6 allows a node to move from one link to another without changing the address. Movement can be heterogeneous, i.e., node can move from an Ethernet link to a cellular packet network. Mobility support in IPv6 is more efficient than mobility support in IPv4. There are also proposals for supporting micromobility.

AprKanpur IIT 2005


2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Much Still To Do

though IPv6 today has all the functional capability of IPv4, implementations are not as advanced
(e.g., with respect to performance, multicast support, compactness, instrumentation, etc.)

deployment has only just begun much work to be done moving application, middleware, and management software to IPv6 much training work to be done
(application developers, network administrators, sales staff,)

many of the advanced features of IPv6 still need specification, implementation, and deployment work
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Conclusion
IPv6 is NEW built on the experiences learned from IPv4 new features large address space

new efficient header


autoconfiguration and OLD still IP build on a solid base
2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

started in 1995, a lot of implementations and tests done

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Session Number Presentation_ID

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

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