I had a brand new beaker once Its gone beyond recall For all the glass and pieces

Are embedded in the wall.

Essential Question

How do all living organisms rely on solutions?

Focus Question

How concentrated can a solution get?

A homogeneous mixture of one or more substances dissolved in another substance. Solutions are one of the most important topics in all of chemistry. Most chemical reactions take place in aqueous solutions, including biochemical reactions in our blood. Because the amount of stuff dissolved in a liquid has a huge effect on how that liquid behaves, we need to know how to define concentration.

Examples of Solutions
Alloys solutions of metals Ex) Brass = zinc + copper Air a solution of gases Aqueous solutions things dissolved in water Ex) salt water, Kool-Aid

Properties of Liquid Solutions

Solutions are homogeneous mixtures Solutions are transparent and do not disperse light Solution Colloid

Solutions can have color

Solutions will not settle on standing

Solutions will pass through a filter

Parts of a Solution
Solute = The substance being dissolved present in the smaller amount Solvent = The substance that dissolves the solute present in the larger amount

Label the Parts:

Solution
Chocolate Milk: Choc. Syrup + Milk Kool-Aid: Water + Drink Powder Seltzer: CO2 + Water

Solvent
Milk

Solute
Choc. Syrup Drink Powder

Water

Water

CO2

Factors Affecting the Rate of Dissolving

Temperature

Solids will dissolve faster at higher temp.

More surface area Dissolves Faster

Surface area (particle size)

<
Surface area

Agitation (movement or stirring)

More agitation Dissolves Faster

Concentrations
Unsaturated - Can still dissolve more solute.
If you place sugar in your lemonade youve made an unsaturated solution, because if you were to add more sugar, it would also dissolve.

Saturated - Has dissolved as much solute as it

possibly can.
If you added sugar to your lemonade until it was saturated, any sugar you add after that point sinks to the bottom, never dissolving.

Concentrations Cont.
Supersaturated - Holds more solute than a saturated solution at the same temperature - Very unstable.
If you added sugar to your iced tea when it was supersaturated, all of the dissolved sugar would suddenly crystallize out.

Calculating Concentration
Percent by Volume

Percent by Mass

Parts per million

Calculating Concentration
Molarity

Dilution

M1V1=M2V2
1 solution before dilution 2 solution after dilution