Engine Design and

Operating Parameters
Important Engine
Characteristics

Design Requirements
Good Engine Performance over entire
operating range
Minimum Fuel consumption within this
range
Cost of fuel to be kept within limits
Low Engine noise and Pollution in this
range
Low Initial cost and installation costs
Reliability and durability, maintenance
requirements and how they affect
engine cost etc.






Engine Performance is defined by:
1.Maximum power (or max. torque)
available at each speed within useful
range.
2.Range of speed power over which
engine operation is satisfactory.



Max. rated power. Highest power engine is
allowed to develop for short periods
Also referred to as Intermittent power
rating
Normal rated power. Highest power engine
allowed to develop in continuous running
Also referred to as Continuous rating
Rated speed. Speed at which rated power
is developed
Some definitions:
Geometrical Properties
Compression ratio r
c
= V
c
+V
s
/V
c

Bore:stroke = R
bs
= B/L
Conn rod length/crank radius R = l/a
Now L = 2a
r
c =
8-12 for SI and 12-24 for CI
R
bs
= 0.8-1.2 for small and medium engine
= 0.5 for slow speed CI engines
R = 3-4 for small & medium sized engines
= 5-9 for large slow speed CI engines

Geometrical Properties (cont.)
Cylinder Volume V at any crank
position :
V = V
c
+ (B
2
/4)(l+a-s)
S = dist. between crank and piston pin
axes
= acos + (l
2
a
2
sin
2
)
2
is the crank angle
We can obtain an equation for V/V
c
as
Geometrical Properties (cont.)
V/V
c
= 1 + (r
c
1)[R+1-cos-(R
2
sin
2
)
1/2
]
Comb. Chamber surface area:
A = A
ch
+ A
p
+ A
sl
A
ch
= cyl. head surface area
A
p
= piston crown surface area
A
sl
= sleeve surface area = B(l+a-s)
For flat top pistons and cyl heads, A
ch
= A
p
=
B
2
/4 and
A
sl
= (BL/2)[R+1-cos-(R
2
sin
2
)
1/2
]
Mean Piston Speed:
2
p
S LN =
Instantaneous Piston Velocity S
p:

p
ds
S
dt
=
( )
1/ 2
2 2
cos
sin 1
2
sin
p
p
S
S
R
(
t u
(
= u +
(
u
(

Typical values of Mean Piston Speed

Gas flow velocities in the intake
manifold and cylinder all scale with
mean piston speed
Values vary between about 8 to 15 m/s
Automobile engines operate at the
higher end of this range
Large marine engines operate at the
lower end of range
Brake Torque and Power:
3
2
( ) 2 ( / ) ( . ) 10
P NT
P kW N rev s T N m

= t
= t
Indicated Work per Cycle
, c i
W pdV =
}
Gross indicated work per cycle W
c,ig
: Work
delivered to the Piston Over the compression
and expansion only

Net indicated Work per cycle W
c,i
: Work
delivered to the Piston Over the
entire four strokes.

The power per cylinder is given by
, c i
i
R
W N
P
n
=
Mechanical Efficiency:
We have:
P
ig
= P
b
+ P
f
where P
f
is the friction power
Ratio of brake power to indicated power is
the mechanical efficiency:

m
= P
b
/P
ig
= 1 (P
f
/P
ig
)
For modern automobile engines at WOT

m
is about 0.9 at 30-40rev/s decreasing to
0.75 at rated speed. It decreases as engine is
throttled

Mean Effective Pressure
Work per cycle = P.n
R
/N
Then Mep is given by
mep = P.n
R
/(N.V
d
)
And in SI units:
mep (kPa) = P(kW)n
R
x 10
3
V(dm
3
) N (rev/s)
Mep can also be expressed in terms of
torque so that

Mep (kPa) = 6.28n
R
T (N.m)
V
d
(dm
3
)
Typical values:
NA (SI): Max. values 850-1050 kPa
where max. torque is obtained (at
about 3000 rev/min). At max. rated
power, bmep values are 10-15% lower.
For turbocharged SI corresponding
values are 1250-1700 and 900-1400
kPa respectively
For NA 4-stroke Diesels: Max. bmep is
700-900 kPa. At maximum rated power
it is about 700 kPa
For turbocharged 4-stroke Diesels
maximum bmep values are 1000-1200
kPa which can rise to 1400 kPa for
TC/AC. At max. rated power bmep is
about 950 kPa. Two-stroke diesels have
comparative performance.
Large low speed 2 stroke engines can
achieve bmep values of about 1600 kPa
Power per unit displacement
Typical values for modern naturally aspirated
gasoline engines 50 to 65 kW/L.
Some high performance car engines, for
example, BMW and Ford have values - up to
75 kW/L
Maruti 800 has a value of 34.67 kW/L
The Hyundai Santro Xing, with 3 cylinders like
the Maruti 800 but with a higher displacement
has a value of 42.6 kW/L
Maruti Alto, with same displacement as Maruti
800, has a value of 47.4 kW/L
Maruti Swift and Esteem have a value of 50
kW/L
Other terms include
specific fuel consumption, (brake or
indicated) and
enthalpy or thermal efficiency (brake or
indicated)
Air-fuel ratio and equivalence ratio (|)
A/F varies between 12 and 18 for SI (|
= 1.2 to 0.8) using gasoline
A/F varies between 18 and 70 for CI
using diesel fuel
Volumetric Efficiency:
Measures the effectiveness of the engine
induction process. Used only with 4 stroke
engines which have a distinctive induction
process. It is given by

i d
i
v
V
2
N
M

= q

N V
M 2
d i
i

=

where is the mass flow rate of fresh
mixture.
N is the engine speed in rev/unit
time.
V
d
is the piston displacement
(swept volume).

i
is the inlet density.
i
M

Relationship between Performance Parameters

,
( / )
,
( / )
2
f a HV
R
f v d HV a i
m NQ F A
P
n
with volumetric efficiency
NV Q F A
P
q
=
q q
=
,
,
,
,
( / )
2
,
( / )
4
T,
( / )
4
f v p HV a i
f v p p HV a i
f v d HV a i
replacing volume term
NLA Q F A
P
with mean piston speed
S A Q F A
P
for torque
V Q F A
T
q q
=
q q
=
q q
=
t
From relationship, we require

High fuel conversion efficiency

High volumetric efficiency

Increasing the output of a given displacement
engine by increasing the inlet air density

Maximum fuel/air ratio that can be usefully
burned in the engine

High mean piston speed