ANSYS Workbench Simulation - Modal

Free Vibration Analysis
Chapter Five
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Training Manual
April 22, 2004
Inventory #002071
5-2
Chapter Overview
In this chapter, performing free vibration analyses in
Simulation will be covered. In Simulation, performing a free
vibration analysis is similar to a linear static analysis.
It is assumed that the user has already covered Chapter 4
Linear Static Structural Analysis prior to this section.
The following will be covered:
Free Vibration Analysis Procedure
Free Vibration with Pre-Stress Analysis Procedure
The capabilities described in this section are generally
applicable to ANSYS DesignSpace Entra licenses and
above.
Some options discussed in this chapter may require more
advanced licenses, but these are noted accordingly.
Harmonic and nonlinear static structural analyses are not
discussed here but in their respective chapters.

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Training Manual
April 22, 2004
Inventory #002071
5-3
Basics of Free Vibration Analysis
A free vibration analysis (a.k.a. modal or normal modes
analysis) is performed to obtain the natural frequencies and
mode shapes of a structure
Free Vibration analysis does not consider the response of the
structure under dynamic loads but just solves for the natural
frequencies. A free vibration analysis is usually the first step
before solving more complicated dynamic problems.
A free vibration analysis is a subset of the general equation
of motion:

| |{ } | |{ } | |{ } ( ) { } t F x K x C x M = + +

| |{ } | |{ } 0 = + x K x M

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Training Manual
April 22, 2004
Inventory #002071
5-4
In free vibration analysis, the structure is assumed to be
linear, so the response is assumed to be harmonic:

where |
i
is the mode shape (eigenvector) and e
i
is the
natural circular frequency for mode i.
By substituting this value in the earlier equation, the
following is obtained:

Noting that the solution |
i
=0 is trivial, e
i
is solved for:

{ } { } ( ) t x
i i
e | cos =
| |{ } ( ) | |{ } ( )
| | | | ( ){ } ( ) 0 cos
0 cos cos
2
2
= +
= +
t K M
t K t M
i i i
i i i i i
e | e
e | e | e
| | | | ( ){ } 0
2
=
i i
M K | e
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Training Manual
April 22, 2004
Inventory #002071
5-5
For a free vibration analysis, the natural circular
frequencies e
i
and mode shapes |
i
are calculated from:

This results in certain assumptions related to the analysis:
[K] and [M] are constant:
Linear elastic material behavior is assumed
Small deflection theory is used, and no nonlinearities included
[C] is not present, so damping is not included
{F} is not present, so no excitation of the structure is assumed
The structure can be unconstrained (rigid-body modes present) or
partially/fully constrained, depending on the physical structure
Mode shapes {|} are relative values, not absolute
It is important to remember these assumptions related to
performing free vibration analyses in Simulation.
| | | | ( ){ } 0
2
=
i i
M K | e
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Training Manual
April 22, 2004
Inventory #002071
5-6
A. Free Vibration Analysis Procedure
The free vibration analysis procedure is very similar to
performing a linear static analysis, so not all steps will be
covered in detail. The steps in yellow italics are specific to
free vibration analyses.
Attach Geometry
Assign Material Properties
Define Contact Regions (if applicable)
Define Mesh Controls (optional)
Include Supports (if applicable)
Request Frequency Finder Results
Set Frequency Finder Options
Solve the Model
Review Results
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Training Manual
April 22, 2004
Inventory #002071
5-7
Geometry and Point Mass
Similar to linear static analyses, any type of geometry
supported by Simulation may be used:
Solid bodies
Surface bodies (with appropriate thickness defined)
Line bodies (with appropriate cross-sections defined)
For line bodies, only mode shapes and displacement results are
available.
The Point Mass feature can be used:
Input for the Point Mass was described earlier in Chapter 4.
The Point Mass adds mass only in a free vibration analysis. It is
connected to selected surfaces as if no stiffness is present, so the
effect is to add only mass (not stiffness) to a structure.
Useful for including the effect of distributed weight on selected
surfaces. Because of this, the Point Mass will decrease the natural
frequency in free vibration analyses.
ANSYS License Availability
DesignSpace Entra x
DesignSpace x
Professional x
Structural x
Mechanical/Multiphysics x
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Training Manual
April 22, 2004
Inventory #002071
5-8
Material Properties
For material properties, Youngs Modulus, Poissons Ratio,
and Mass Density are required
Since no loading is assumed, no other material properties will
be used, if defined

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Training Manual
April 22, 2004
Inventory #002071
5-9
Contact Regions
Contact regions are available in free vibration analyses.
However, since this is a purely linear analysis, contact
behavior will differ for the nonlinear contact types:

There are two important things to remember when using
contact in a free vibration analysis:
The two nonlinear contact behaviors rough and frictionless
will behave in a linear fashion, so they will internally behave as
bonded or no separation instead.
If a gap is present, the nonlinear contact behaviors will be free
(i.e., as if no contact is present). Bonded and no separation
contact will depend on the pinball region size.
The pinball region is automatically determined by default
Initially Touching Inside Pinball Region Outside Pinball Region
Bonded Bonded Bonded Bonded Free
No Separation No Separation No Separation No Separation Free
Rough Rough Bonded Free Free
Frictionless Frictionless No Separation Free Free
Contact Type Static Analysis
Modal Analysis
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DesignSpace x
Professional x
Structural x
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Training Manual
April 22, 2004
Inventory #002071
5-10
Contact Regions
For ANSYS Professional licenses and above, additional
contact options can be used in free vibration analyses:
For rough and frictionless contact, the Interface Treatment
can be changed to Adjusted to Touch, which will make the
contact surfaces behave as bonded and no separation,
respectively. (Even if a gap is present, the parts will behave as
if they are initially touching if this option is set.)
The size of the Pinball Region may be changed as well as
viewed to ensure that bonded and no separation contact is
established, even if a gap is present.
Please refer to Chapters 3 and 4 for discussions on the pinball
region and how to define its size
For ANSYS Structural licenses and above, frictional contact
will behave similar to bonded contact if surfaces are
touching but act as free (no contact) if contact is open.
It is not recommended to use frictional contact in a free
vibration analysis since it is nonlinear.
DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace
Professional /
Structural x
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Training Manual
April 22, 2004
Inventory #002071
5-11
Loads and Supports
Structural and thermal loads not used in free vibration
See Section B later in this chapter for a discussion on free
vibration with pre-stress analysis. In this situation, loads are
considered but only for their pre-stress effects.
Supports can be used in free vibration analyses:
If no or partial supports are present, rigid-body modes can be
detected and evaluated. These modes will be at 0 or near 0 Hz.
Unlike static structural analyses, free vibration analyses do
not require that rigid-body motion be prevented.
The boundary conditions are important, as they affect the
mode shapes and frequencies of the part. Carefully consider
how the model is constrained.
The compression only support is a nonlinear support and
should not be used in the analysis.
If present, the compression only support will generally
behave similar to a frictionless support.
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Training Manual
April 22, 2004
Inventory #002071
5-12
Requesting Results
Most of the options for free vibration analyses
are similar to that of static analysis. However,
Simulation knows to perform a free vibration
analysis when the Frequency Finder tool is
selected under the Solutions Branch
The Frequency Finder tool adds another branch
to the Solutions branch
The Details View of the Frequency Finder allows
the user to specify the Max Modes to Find. The
default is 6 modes (max is 200). Increasing the
number of modes to retrieve will increase the
solution time.
The search may be limited to a specific frequency
range of interest by selecting Yes on Limit
Search to Range.
By default, frequencies beginning from 0 Hz
(rigid-body modes) will be calculated if a
search range is not set.
DesignSpace Entra x
DesignSpace x
Professional x
Structural x
The minimum and
maximum range (in Hz)
can be specified if Limit
Search to Range is
enabled. Note that this
works in conjunction
with Max Modes to
Find. If not enough
modes are requested, not
all modes in the
frequency range may be
found.
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Training Manual
April 22, 2004
Inventory #002071
5-13
Requesting Results
Under the Frequency Finder branch are
the requests requested
When toggling Max Modes to Find under
the Frequency Finder branch, more mode
shapes will automatically be added. The
user does not need to request mode
shapes from the Context toolbar.
If stress, strain, or directional
displacements are to be requested, this
can be done by adding the result from the
Context toolbar.
For each stress, strain, or displacement
result added, the user can specify which
mode this corresponds to from the Details
view, under Mode.
If relative stress or strain results are needed,
be sure to add results under the Frequency
Finder branch, not the Solution branch.
Recall that mode shapes are relative values
since no excitation is present. Hence,
stresses and strains are also relative.
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Training Manual
April 22, 2004
Inventory #002071
5-14
Requesting Results
The corresponding ANSYS commands for the Frequency
Finder branch are as follows:
If Frequency Finder branch is present, ANTYPE,MODAL is set
The number of modes is set with the nmodes argument, and
the beginning and ending search frequencies are specified
with freqb and freqe of the MODOPT,,nmodes,freqb,freqe
command
All modes are expanded via the MXPAND command. To save
disk space and calculation times, the element solution option
of MXPAND is not turned on unless stress or strain results are
requested.
Advanced ANSYS Details
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Training Manual
April 22, 2004
Inventory #002071
5-15
Solution Options
The solution branch provides details on the type of analysis
being performed
For a free vibration analysis, none of the options in the Details
view of the Solution branch usually need to be changed.
In the majority of cases, Solver Type should be left on the default
option of Program Controlled.
If the model is a very large one of solid elements, and only a few
modes are to be requested, the Solver Type, when changed to
Iterative, may be more efficient.
The Analysis Type will display
Free Vibration.
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Training Manual
April 22, 2004
Inventory #002071
5-16
Solution Options
For a regular modal analysis, none of the solution options
except for Solver Type have much effect
Large Deflection and Weak Springs are meant for static
analysis cases and should not be changed.
Solver Type can be set to Direct or Iterative
Program Controlled or Direct result in the Block Lanczos
eigenvalue extraction method with the sparse direct equation
solver (MODOPT,LANB and EQSLV,SPARSE). This is the most
robust eigensolver, as it handles small & large models and beam,
shell, or solid meshes, so it is the default option.
Iterative results in the PowerDynamics solution method, which is
a combination of the subspace eigenvalue extraction method with
the PCG equation solver (MODOPT,SUBSP and EQSLV,PCG). The
PowerDynamics eigensolver can be efficient for large models of
solid elements, when requesting only a few modes.
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Training Manual
April 22, 2004
Inventory #002071
5-17
Solving the Model
After setting up the model, one can solve the free vibration
analysis just like any other analysis by selecting the Solve
button.
A free vibration analysis is generally more computationally
expensive than a static analysis on the same model because
of the equations solved.
If a Solution Information branch
is requested under the Solution
branch, detailed solution output,
including the amount of memory
used and solution progress, will
be available in the Worksheet tab.
If stress or strain results or more
frequencies/modes are requested
after a solution is performed, a new
solution is required.
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Training Manual
April 22, 2004
Inventory #002071
5-18
Reviewing Results
After solution, mode shapes can be reviewed
Because there is no excitation applied to the structure, the
mode shapes are relative values associated with free vibration
Mode shapes (displacements), stresses, and strains represent
relative, not absolute quantities
The frequency is listed in the
Details view of any result
being viewed.
The animation button on the
Results Context toolbar can be
used to help visualize the mode
shapes better.
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Training Manual
April 22, 2004
Inventory #002071
5-19
Reviewing Results
The Worksheet tab of the Frequency Finder branch
summarizes all frequencies in tabular form
By reviewing the frequencies and mode shapes, one can get
a better understanding of the possible dynamic response of
the structure under different excitation directions

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Training Manual
April 22, 2004
Inventory #002071
5-20
B. Free Vibration with Pre-Stress
In some cases, one may want to consider prestress effects
when performing a free vibration analysis.
The stress state of a structure under constant (static) loads
may affect its natural frequencies. This can be important,
especially for structures thin in one or two dimensions.
Consider a guitar string being tuned as the axial load is
increased (from tightening), the lateral frequencies increase.
This is an example of the stress stiffening effect.
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Training Manual
April 22, 2004
Inventory #002071
5-21
Free Vibration with Pre-Stress
In free vibration with pre-stress analyses, internally, two
iterations are automatically performed:
A linear static analysis is initially performed:

Based on the stress state from the static analysis, a stress
stiffness matrix [S] is calculated:

The free vibration with pre-stress analysis is then solved, including
the [S] term

| | | | ( ){ } 0 = +
i i
M S K | e
| |{ } { } F x K
o
=
| | | | S
o
o
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Training Manual
April 22, 2004
Inventory #002071
5-22
Procedure w/ Pre-Stress Effects
To perform a free vibration with pre-stress analysis (a.k.a.
prestressed modal analysis), it is the same as running a
regular free vibration analysis with the following
exceptions:
A load (structural and/or thermal) must be applied to
determine what the initial stress state of the structure is.
Results for the linear static structural analysis may also be
requested under the Solution branch, not the Frequency
Finder branch
A stress or strain result requested under the Frequency Finder
branch will be relative stress/strain values for a particular mode
A stress or strain (or displacement) result requested under the
Solution branch will be absolute stress/strain/displacement values
for the statically applied load
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Training Manual
April 22, 2004
Inventory #002071
5-23
Example w/ Pre-Stress Effects
Consider a simple comparison of a thin plate fixed at one
end
Two analyses will be run free vibration and free vibration
with pre-stress effects to compare the differences between
the two.
Free Vibration Free Vibration with Pre-Stress
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Training Manual
April 22, 2004
Inventory #002071
5-24
Notice that the only difference of running
a free vibration analysis with or without
pre-stress is the existence of a load
If a Frequency Finder tool is present and a
load is present, Simulation knows that a
Free Vibration with Pre-Stress analysis
will be performed.
If results such as displacement, stress, or
strains are requested directly underneath
the Solution branch, the results from the
linear static analysis can be reported.

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Training Manual
April 22, 2004
Inventory #002071
5-25
In this example, with the applied force, a tensile stress state
is produced, thus increasing the natural frequencies, as
illustrated below
Free Vibration
1
st
mode frequency: 141 Hz
Free Vibration with Pre-Stress
1
st
mode frequency: 184 Hz
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Training Manual
April 22, 2004
Inventory #002071
5-26
Prestressed Modal Analysis
For prestressed modal analysis, Simulation performs the
two necessary iterations internally:
A linear static analysis with PSTRES,ON is run
A modal analysis is then run right afterwards with PSTRES,ON
to consider prestress effects
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Training Manual
April 22, 2004
Inventory #002071
5-27
Prestressed Modal Analysis
Other items useful for ANSYS users to keep in mind:
No large-deflection prestress effects are currently supported
in Simulation, so enabling the Large Deflection: On in the
Solution branch is not permitted.
The equation solver for the static analysis and the eigensolver
for the modal analysis currently cannot be independently set.
Both will be affected by the Solver Type setting in the
Solution branch.
If a Point Mass is present, rigid-body modes may be
introduced in a prestressed modal analysis. This is due to the
fact that the RBE3-type of surface constraint defined with
CONTA174 and TARGE170 introduce 6 DOF but the MASS21
element has no rotary inertial terms (3 DOF).
The user can usually ignore these rigid-body modes, as they are
associated with the MASS21 elements (verify by checking
displacement scale of these mode shapes).
No such problems exist for a regular modal with Point Masses.

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Training Manual
April 22, 2004
Inventory #002071
5-28
Workshop 5 Free Vibration Analysis
Goal:
Investigate the vibration characteristics of two motor cover
designs manufactured from 18 gage steel.
C. Workshop 5

ANSYS Workbench Simulation - Modal

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