Industrial waste in India (7)

INTRODUCTION

Present scenario
Thousands of small scale and bigger

industrial units simply dump their waste, more often toxic and hazardous, in open spaces and nearby water sources. Over the last three decades, many cases of serious and permanent damage to environment by these industries have come to the fore.

Cont----- Rapid industrialization has resulted in the

generation of huge quantity of wastes, both solid and liquid, in industrial sectors such as sugar, pulp and paper, fruit and food processing, sago / starch, distilleries, dairies, tanneries, slaughterhouses, poultries, etc. Despite requirements for pollution control measures, these wastes are generally dumped on land or discharged into water bodies, without adequate treatment, and thus become a large source of environmental pollution and health hazard.

Classification of Industrial Waste

In a broad sense, industrial wastes could be

classified into two types. 1. Hazardous industrial waste 2. Non-hazardous industrial waste

HAZARDOUS INDUSTRIAL WASTE

Hazardous wastes, which may be in solid, liquid

or gaseous form, may cause danger to health or environment, either alone or when in contact with other wastes. Various agencies have defined hazardous wastes in different ways and as such, there is no uniformly accepted international definition so far. It is presumed that about 10 to 15 percent of wastes produced by industries are hazardous and the generation of hazardous wastes is increasing at the rate of 2 to 5 percent per year.

Cont----- Hazardous industrial wastes in India can be

categorized broadly into two categories. i) Hazardous wastes generated from various industries in India ii) Hazardous industrial wastes imported into India from Western Countries for re-processing and recycling. Hazardous waste in particular includes products that are explosive, flammable, irritant, harmful, toxic, carcinogenic, corrosive, infectious, or toxic to reproduction.

Sources of Various Hazardous Wastes

Hazardous Waste Component Source

Heavy Metals

Arsenic Cadmium Chromium Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Hydrocarbons Benezene Vinyl chloride

Mining, non anthropogenic geo-chemical formation Mining, fertilizer industry, battery waste Mining areas, Tanneries Lead acid battery smelters Mining areas Chlor-alkali industries, healthcare institutes Mining, metal refining Petrochemical industries, solvents Plastics

Cont--------Hazardous Waste Component Pesticides Organic chemicals Dioxines PCBs Poly Chlorinated Biphenyl Source Insecticides Waste incineration, herbicides Fluorescent lights, e-waste, Hydraulic fluid

Management and Treatment Options for Hazardous Waste

Use of Hazardous Wastes as Alternate Fuels In the European Union, about 3 million tons of hazardous

waste from cement works has been used as an alternate fuel. There are a large number of hazardous wastes generating units located in India. 11,138 units have been given authorization by SPCBs under Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2003, mostly for temporary storage of hazardous wastes within the plant premises. In India, about 4.43 million tons of hazardous wastes are generated annually, out of which 71,833 tons are incinerable (as per the reports of SPCBs submitted to the Supreme Court of India). There is a need to explore the possibility of using such wastes by other industries.

Incineration
Incineration serves the dual purpose of

reduction of both the toxicity and the volume of the waste, which is an important consideration when the disposal of wastes is finally destined for landfills. Most of the process wastes from chemical unit operations can very well be treated in properly designed incinerators.

Hazardous wastes (secured) landfill

Hazardous waste landfill site is designed

scientifically to have an impervious stratum at bottom to stop leachates percolation, and thus to avoid soil and water pollution/contamination in the vicinity of the landfill site. High Density Polyethylene(HDPE) lining is used in making the landfill impervious. There are arrangements made for collection and treatment of leachates from the hazardous wastes.

Cont-------- Various reports indicate that more than 19

Treatment, Storage & Disposal Facilities (TSDF) have been created in Gujarat alone. Many other states are following the similar action to establish such facilities. However, some kind of risk will always be there for the people and ecosystem by these operating and closed TSDFs.

Cont------ Non-hazardous or ordinary industrial waste

is generated by industrial or commercial activities, but is similar to household waste by its nature and composition. It is not toxic, presents no hazard and thus requires no special treatment.

NON-HAZARDOUS INDUSTRIAL WASTE

In particular, it includes ordinary waste

produced by companies, shopkeepers and trades people (paper, cardboard, wood, textiles, packaging, etc.). Due to its nonhazardous nature, this waste is often sorted and treated in the same facilities as household waste.

Indusrtywise Generated Waste

Industries Prominent Wastes Generated Sugar biogasses Press mud Sugar molasses Sugar Mills Fermentative Yeast biomass Treatment Option Application

Combustion and Heat and Power Gasification Composting Fermentation Fertilizer Ethanol synthesis

Biomethanation Biogas production & digestate

Slaughter houses

Organs, Tissues, Biomethanation Biogas Blood, Hides, production & Animal excreta digestate and Carcass etc

Cont------Pulp Biomethanation Biogas production & digestate Combustion

Heat and power

Paper shavings

Paper mills

Wood wastes and Paper boards

Combustion and Heat and power gasification

Dairy Plants

Whey and Milk cream

Starch materials and peels Hides and skins

Biomethanation Biogas production & digestate

Biomethanation Biogas production & digestate Acid treatments and Biogas production &

Sago factories Tanneries

Cont-----------Animal Husbandries Animal excreta and body fluids Biomethanation Biogas production & digestate Biomethanation Biogas production & digestate

Fruits and Pulp wastes vegetable processing units

Industrial wastewater treatment

Industrial wastewater treatment covers the

mechanisms and processes used to treat waters that have been contaminated in some way by anthropogenic industrial or commercial activities prior to its release into the environment or its re-use. Most industries produce some wet waste although recent trends in the developed world have been to minimise such production or recycle such waste within the production process. However, many industries remain dependent on processes that produce waste waters

Sources of industrial wastewater

Iron and steel industry The production of iron from its ores involves

powerful reduction reactions in blast furnaces. Cooling waters are inevitably contaminated with products especially ammonia and cyanide. Production of coke from coal in coking plants also requires water cooling and the use of water in by-products separation. Contamination of waste streams includes gasification products such as benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, cyanide, ammonia, phenols, cresols together with a range of more complex organic compounds known collectively as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH).

Mines and quarries

The principal waste-waters associated

with mines and quarries are slurries of rock particles in water. These arise from rainfall washing exposed surfaces and haul roads and also from rock washing and grading processes. Volumes of water can be very high, especially rainfall related arising on large sites. Some specialized separation operations, such as coal washing to separate coal from native rock using density gradients, can produce wastewater contaminated by fine particulate haematite and surfactants. Oils and hydraulic oils are also common contaminants.

Food industry
Wastewater generated from agricultural and food

operations has distinctive characteristics that set it apart from common municipal wastewater managed by public or private sewage treatment plants throughout the world: it is biodegradable and nontoxic, but that has high concentrations of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and suspended solids (SS). The constituents of food and agriculture wastewater are often complex to predict due to the differences in BOD and pH in effluents from vegetable, fruit, and meat products and due to the seasonal nature of food processing and post harvesting.

Animal slaughter and processing

Animal slaughter and processing produces very

strong organic waste from body fluids, such as blood, and gut contents. This wastewater is frequently contaminated by significant levels of antibiotics and growth hormones from the animals and by a variety of pesticides used to control external parasites. Insecticide residues in fleeces is a particular problem in treating waters generated in wool processing.

Complex organic chemicals industry

A range of industries manufacture or use complex

organic chemicals. These include pesticides, pharmaceuticals, paints and dyes, petro-chemicals, detergents, plastics, paper pollution, etc. Waste waters can be contaminated by feed-stock materials, by-products, product material in soluble or particulate form, washing and cleaning agents, solvents and added value products such as plasticisers. Treatment facilities that do not need control of their effluent typically opt for a type of aerobic treatment, i.e. Aerated Lagoons

Nuclear industry
The waste production from the nuclear and radio-

chemicals industry is dealt with as Radioactive waste.

Water treatment
Many industries have a need to treat water to obtain very

high quality water for demanding purposes. Water treatment produces organic and mineral sludges from filtration and sedimentation. Ion exchange using natural or synthetic resins removes calcium, magnesium and carbonate ions from water, replacing them with hydrogen and hydroxyl ions. Regeneration of ion exchange columns with strong acids and alkalis produces a wastewater rich in hardness ions which are readily precipitated out, especially when in admixture with other wastewater.

Treat industrial wastes for power generation: MNRE

Currently 130 Mw of power produced against total potential of

1300 Mw in India. In a bid to promote use of waste for power generation, the ministry of new and renewable energy (MNRE) has appealed to all the industrial associations and industrial units to adopt technology for converting industrial wastes into energy. Industry insiders see potential in food processing industry, sugar, distilleries, pulp and paper, dairies and poultry to make use of their waste material for converting them into gas and generate power from it. "Renewable energy has come of age now. Only this can bridge the prevailing demand-supply gap of power. We need to be energy efficient as well as self reliant by making maximum use of all the sources of renewable energy. Making use of the industrial waste to produce power is one such way to do it,

Usage of Industrial Waste Products in Village Road Construction

Now-a-days disposal of different wastes

produced from different Industries is a great problem. These materials pose environmental pollution in the nearby locality because many of them are non-biodegradable. In recent years, applications of industrial wastes have been considered in road construction with great interest in many industrialized and developing countries. The use of these materials in road making is based on technical, economic, and ecological criteria.

Cont--------- India has a large network of industries located in

different parts of the country and many more are planned for the near future. Several million metric tons industrial wastes are produced in these establishments. If these materials can be suitably utilized in highway construction, the pollution and disposal problems may be partly reduced. Keeping in mind the need for bulk use of these solid wastes in India. The waste materials are fly ash, blast furnace slag, cement kiln dust phosphogypsum, waste plastic bags, foundry sand and colliery sand , which are the industrial wastes posing problems in the disposal and being deposited near the industries in India.

FLY ASH
Use of fly ash in Portland cement concrete for

applications in highway construction. Fly ash is used in concrete admixtures to enhance the performance of concrete roads and bridges. Use of fly ash in stabilised base course for applications in highway construction Fly ash and lime can be combined with aggregate to produce a quality stabilized base course Use of fly ash in soil improvement for applications in highway construction Fly ash is an effective agent for chemical and/or mechanical stabilization of soils.

Cont------- Use of fly ash in asphalt pavements for applications in

highway construction. Fly ash can be used as mineral filler in hot mixed asphalt (HMA) paving applications. Use of fly ash in grouts for pavement subsealing for applications in highway construction Grouts are proportioned mixtures of fly ash, water, and other materials used to fill voids under a pavement system without raising the slabs or to raise and support concrete pavements at specified grade tolerances by drilling and injecting the grout under specified areas of the pavement.

BLAST FURNACE SLAG

Blast furnace slag is generated during the melting

process in steel making operations. Use of blast furnace slag as a cementitious binder forapplications in highway construction Use of blast furnace slag as a coarse aggregate for asphalt for applications in highway construction Use of blast furnace slag as a coarse aggregate for subbase for applications in highway construction Many steel plants have used their slag as a substitute for coarse aggregate in road construction projects in and around the steel plants for a number of years.

CEMENT KILN DUST

Use of cement kiln dust for soil stabilisation for

applications in highway construction

Cement kiln dust can be used to improve the properties of soil in situ, and as an activator in pozzolanic stabilised base mixtures. Use of cement kiln dust as mineral filler in asphalt paving for applications in highway construction