Chapter 3

Heredity and Variation (Keturunan dan Variasi)

Prepared by: En. Shafie Bin Buyamin

3.1: Cell Division (Pembahagian Sel)

Cell has a nucleus Nucleus contains chromosomes Chromosomes is thread-like structure (struktur seperti bebenang) made up of long DNA molecule Chromosomes come in pairs (berpasangan) Genes are small portion of DNA molecule Gene also come in pairs

DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid Blueprint that determines the genetic information carried by chromosomes Two strands, twisted into spiral staircase formation (double helix)

Mitosis
Process of cell division that occurs in all cells (somatic cell) except in sex cells One parent cell produces 2 daughter cells Number of chromosomes same

Stages of mitosis
Stages of mitosis Simple explanation

- Chromosomes shorten, thicken, more visible (Memendek, menebal, lebih jelas)

centromere

-Replication(Replikasi) of chromosomes Each strand called chromatid

Stages of mitosis

Simple explanation -Chromosomes align (tersusun) in the centre of cell - Nucleus membrane disappears - Chromatid separate and move to opposite ends of cell - Cell starts to divide -Nucleus membrane forms again - Two daughter cell formed - Each progeny cell has the same number of chromosomes

Meiosis
Process of cell division that occurs in sex organ For production of gametes or sex cells Parent cell produces 4 daughter cells (sel anak) Number of chromosomes in daughter cell(sel anak) is half (separuh) in parent cell (sel induk)

First Division

Stages of meiosis
Chromosomes shorten, thicken (memendek, menebal)

Replication (replikasi) and crossing over (pindah silang) on chromatid

1. Chromosomes align (tersusun) in the centre of cell (tengah sel) 2. Nucleus membrane disappears

1. Chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell 2. The cell begins to divide into two (membahagi 2)

1. Two daughter cells produced (2 sel anak terhasil) 2. Nucleus membrane reforms

Second Division

1. Chromosomes align in the centre of cell 2. Nucleus membrane disappears 1. Chromatids separate 2. Cell begins to divide

1. Nucleus membrane is formed again 2. 4 daughter cells produced (4 sel anak terhasil) 3. Each cell has half (separuh) of the chromosomes in the parent cell

Comparing Meiosis and Mitosis

Meiosis 2 Characteristics
Number of division (Bilangan pembahagian

Mitosis 1

Occurs during the first cell division 4

Replication (Replikasi)
Number of daughter cells (sel anak) produced

Occurs

Meiosis
Half

Characteristics
Number of chromosomes in daughter cell compared to parent cell Combination of chromosomes in daughter cell compared to parent cell Crossing over (Pindah silang)

Mitosis
Same

Different

Identical

Occurs

Not occur

The Importance of Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis: 1. Produces new cells for growth (pertumbuhan) and replace dead / damaged cells (ganti sel mati/ rosak) 2. Maintain genetic information (Mengekalkan maklumat genetik)

 Meiosis 1. Produces gametes 2. Ensure number of chromosomes is kept constant from one generation to another generation 3. Ensure each gamete produced carry different genetic constituents

3.2 : Inheritance (Pewarisan)

Traits: Characteristics inherited from parents (ciri diwarisi dari induk)
Inheritance (Pewarisan): process of passing genetic information / traits from parents to offspring (Proses menurunkan maklumat genetik / ciri induk ke anak)

Dominant and Recessive Genes

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Human have 46 chromosomes Arranged in pairs (homologous) 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes Each chromosomes carries a gene or a gene group Gene / gene group carries traits Each gene pairs with other gene on homologous chromosomes 7. Paired genes / gene groups carry instructions to create / control one of characteristics 8. Example: one instruct curly hair, other instruct straight hair 9. One is dominant, other is recessive gene

Dominant gene
Member of a pair of genes which carries an instruction that overrules the other (recessive) gene Curly hair gene is dominant, straight hair gene is recessive
Dominant Trait When display the characteristics of dominant gene

Recessive gene
Member of a pair of genes which carries an instruction that being overrules by the other (dominant) gene If inherited only a pair of straight hair gene: we would have straight hair

Recessive Trait When display the characteristics of recessive gene

Mechanism of Inheritance of Traits In meiosis, gamete only carry one gene from each pair of gene In fertilisation, gamete fuse to form zygote (combination both parent) Traits inherited determined by both sets of genes from parent

H: Curly hair (Dominant gene) h: Straight hair (Recessive gene)

Schematic Diagram

HH

hh

Parent Meiosis

Gamete

Fertilisation

Hh

Hh

Hh

Hh

Offspring

All offspring have curly hair

Genotype
Genetic composition of an organism (combination of genes) Example: Genotype for individual with curly hair can be HH or Hh
Genotype for straight hair is hh

Phenotype
Characteristic that can be observed or determined (Ciri yang boleh diperhatikan) Example: Trait for hair type has 2 phenotype that is curly hair and straight

Monohybrid Cross Gregor Mendel

Yellow seed Green seed Parent Phenotype

YY

yy

Gamete

Yy

Yy

Yy

Yy

F1 Phenotype

All offspring have Yellow Seed

- Experiment of a monohybrid cross by Gregor Mendel to predict the genotype and phenotype ratios of F1 & F2
-Used pea plant (yellow & green seed) - Showed that yellow seed were dominant trait

F1 : First filial generation F2 : Second filial generation

Offspring of F1 (Dihybrid Cross)

Yellow seed Yellow seed

Yy

Yy

F1 Generation

Gamete

Genotype ratio = 1 YY : 2 Yy : 1 yy Phenotype ratio = 3 yellow : 1 green

Phenotype

Y Y

Yy

Yy

yy

F2 generation

Punnett-square method
* To predict genotype and phenotype ratio

Gamete

Genotype of offspring

Y y

Y
YY Yy

y
Yy yy