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OWA200002 WCDMA RAN Fundamental

ISSUE1.0
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Upon completion of this course, you will be able to: Outline the advantage of CDMA technology Outline the fundamentals of UTRAN

Outline the key technologies of UTRAN

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Chapter 1 CDMA Technology Chapter 2 WCDMA Fundamental

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Multiple Access Technology and Duplex Technology

Duplex technology

Time division duplex (TDD) Frequency division duplex (FDD)

Multiple access technology

Time division multiple access (TDMA) Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) Code division multiple access (CDMA)

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Multiple Access Technology

FDMA TDMA

power
power

CDMA

power

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Characteristics of CDMA System

High Spectral Efficiency

Frequency multiplex coefficient is 1.

Soft capacity

Quality Coverage Interference

Self-interference system

A UE transmission power is interference for another UE.

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Chapter 1 CDMA Technolofy Chapter 2 WCDMA Fundamental

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Processing Procedure of WCDMA System

Source coding

Channel coding

Spreading

Modulation

Transmission

Radio channel

Source decoding

Channel decoding

Despreading

Demodulation

Reception

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Terms
Bit, Symbol, Chip

Bit: data after source coding Symbol: data after channel coding and interleaving Chip: data after spreading

Process Gain: 10log (cps/bps); for different service, the Gain is different Process Gain is smaller, UE need more power for this service

Process Gain is smaller, the coverage of the service is smaller

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WCDMA Source Coding

AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate) voice coding

Multi-rate: 8 kinds of coding rates Benefit multi-mode terminal design Adaptation: when cell load increases, the system will decrease speech rate of part of subscribers automatically so as to support more subscribers.

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WCDMA Channel Coding

Purpose:

Enhance the correlation among symbols so as to recover the signal when interference occurs.

Types

Speech service: Convolutional code1/21/3 Data service: Turbo code (1/3)

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WCDMA Interleaving
Interleaving is used for continuous bit error correction

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ...

... 452 453 454

First interleaving

B0 1 9 .

B1 2 10 . . .

B2 3 11 . . .

B3 4 12 . . .

B4 5 13 . . .

B5 6 14 . . .

B6 7 15 . . .

B7 8 16 . . .

....
Second interleaving

. .

....

449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456

{A4,B0}

{A5,B1} {A6,B2} {A7,B3} {B4,C0}

{B5,C1}

{B6,C2} Page 12

{B7,C3}

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Correlation
Correlation is a measure of similarity of between any two arbitrary signals.
EXAMPLE:
+1 0 -1 +1 0 -1
+1 0 -1 +1 0 -1

-1 1 -1 1 (a) -1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 1 correlation Identical signals -1 1 -1 1 (b) 11 11 -1 1 -1 1 Zero correlation Orthogonal signals

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Spreading
UE1:
UE2: c1: c2: UE1c1 UE2c2

1
1

1 1
1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

UE1c1 UE2c2 0 2 0 2

0 2 0 2

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Despreading
UE1c1 UE2c2: 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2

UE1 Dispreading by c1: Dispreading result: Integral judgment:

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2

4 (means1) 4 (means1)

UE2 Dispreading by c2: Dispreading result: Integral judgment:

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2

4 (means1) 4 (means1)

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Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Dispreading

P(f) Spreading code P(f)

f Narrowband signal

f Broadband signal P(f) f

Noise

Recovered signal P(f)

Signal Combination

Noise+Broadband signal P(f)

Spreading code

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WCDMA Spreading Code: OVSF

OVSF: Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor, generated by Walsh matrix

Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1) Cch,2,0 = (1,1) Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) Cch,1,0 = (1)

Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1) Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
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Purpose of OVSF
For uplink, OVSF is used to separate different services of one connection For downlink, OVSF is used to separate different connections

Typical service AMR

Data rate

Downlink SF 128

Uplink SF 64

12.2+3.4
28.8+3.4

Modem28.8k

64

32

12.2kAMR & 64k packet data

12.2kAMR & 144k packet data 12.2kAMR & 384k packet data

12.2+64+3.4
12.2+144+3.4 12.2+384+3.4

32
16 8

16
8 4

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Why we need Scrambling Code

Distinguishing transmitter (cells or users)
Downlink

Scrambling code is used for distinguishing cells OVSF code is used for distinguishing users
Uplink

Scrambling code is used for distinguishing users OVSF code is used for distinguishing channels of one user

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Configuration of Gold Sequence Generator

Gold sequence is used as scrambling code in WCDMA

clong,1,n
MSB LSB

clong,2,n

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Autocorrelation
Autocorrelation is related to the muti-path interference characteristic. Example:

-1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1

Correlation

Delay time 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Delay time (chip)

sequence -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1

correlation 1 -1/7 -1/7 -1/7 -1/7 -1/7 -1/7

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Gold Sequence
The autocorrelation function has multi-value, not so good

as m sequence.

1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

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Spreading and Despreading

Symbol

Data Chip Spreading code Spreading signal =Datacode

1 -1 Spreading 1 -1 1 -1

Despreading Spreading code Data =Spreadingcode 1 -1 1 -1

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Spreading and Despreading

Desired signal Desired spreading signal Spreading code 1 -1 1 -1

Data after despreading

Data after integration

1 -1 8

-8
Other users signal

Other spreading signal Other signal after despreading

Other signal after integration

1 -1 8 -8

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WCDMA Modulation
Different modulation methods corresponding to different transmitting abilities in

air interface
R99/R4: adopt QPSK DL maximum data rate is 2.7Mbps HSDPA: adopt 16QAM DL maximum data rate is 14.4Mbps

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Multi-path Environment
Transmitted signal

Received signal Time

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Fading
Received Power (dBm) -20 Fast fading Slow fading -40

-60

10

20

30

Distance(m)

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Diversity Technique
Diversity technique is used to obtain uncorrelated signals for combining

Reduce the effects of fading

Fast fading caused by multi-path Slow fading caused by shadowing

Improve the reliability of communication

Increase the coverage and capacity

Diversity methods

Macroscopic diversity Soft handover and softer handover Microscopic diversity

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Microscopic Diversity
Time diversity

Channel coding, Block interleaving, error-correction

Frequency diversity

The user signal is distributed on the whole bandwidth frequency spectrum

Space diversity

Receive diversity Transmit diversity

Polarization diversity

Vertical polarization
Horizontal polarization

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Principle of RAKE Receiver

Correlator 1 Correlator 2 Receive set Correlator 3 Searcher correlator s(t) s(t) Calculate the time delay and signal strength Combiner The combined signal

RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive performance of the system
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Performance of Diversity
1 1 finger 2 finger 5 finger No fading

0.1

BER

0.01

0.001

0.0001 5

SNRdB)
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10

15

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WCDMA Fast Power Control

Without power control

With power control

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Advantages of WCDMA
RAKE receiver is adopted Higher interference tolerance and security performance Great flexibility in carrying multiple services with different bit rate

and QoS requirement.

High spectral efficiency
Supporting soft handover and softer handover

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Summary
Spreading / Despreading principle UTRAN Voice Coding UTRAN Channel Coding UTRAN Spreading Code UTRAN Scrambling Code UTRAN Modulation UTRAN Transmission/Receiving

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Thank You
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