Internal

OTA000004 SDH Principle

ISSUE 2.2
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 Upon completion of this course, you

will be able to:

Understand the basic of SDH multiplexing standard

Know the features, applications and advantages of SDH based equipment

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Chapter1 SDH Overview

Chapter2 Frame Structure & Multiplexing Methods Chapter3 Overhead & Pointers

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Emergence of SDH
What is SDH? ---- Synchronous Digital Hierarchy ---It defines frame structure, multiplexing method, digital rates hierarchy and interface code pattern. Why did SDH emerge? ---- Need for a system to process increasing amounts of information. ---- New standard that allows mixing equipment from different suppliers.

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Advantages of SDH ( Interfaces )

PDH SDH

Electrical interfaces --- Only regional standards. 3 PDH rate hierarchies for PDH: European (2.048 Mb/s), Japanese, North American (1.544 Mb/s). Optical interfaces --- No standards for optical line equipments, manufacturers develop at their will.

Electrical interfaces --- Can be connected with existing PDH signals.

Optical interfaces --- Can be connected to multiple vendors optical transmission equipments.

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Disadvantages of PDH (Multiplexing methods )

PDH : Asynchronous Multiplexing The location of low-rate signals in high-rate signals is neither regular nor predictable.

140 Mb/s 34 Mb/s 8 Mb/s de-multiplexer de-multiplexer de-multiplexer multiplexer multiplexer 8 Mb/s 34 Mb/s

140 Mb/s

multiplexer

2 Mb/s

level by level Not suitable for huge-volume transmission

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Advantages of SDH (Multiplexing methods )

byte interleaved multiplexing method
STM-1 A
A

Low rate SDH to higher rate SDH ( STM-1STM-4STM-16STM-64 )

One Byte from STM-1 B

STM-1 B
B

4:1
STM-4

C STM-1

D STM-1

--- Synchronous multiplexing method and flexible mapping structure

What about PDH?

--- Use multistage pointer to align PDH loads in SDH frame, thus, dynamic dropand-insert capabilities
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Advantages of SDH (OAM function )

PDH

SDH

Weak Operation, Administration & Maintenance function.

Abundant overheads bytes for operation, administration and maintenance.

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Advantages of SDH ( Compatibility )

PDH, SDH, ATM, Ethernet packing

package

STM-N

SDH network transmit

STM-N

package Processing unpacking PDH, SDH, ATM, Ethernet

Processing

receive

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Comparison between SDH and PDH

Low bandwidth utilization ratio.
Signal E0 E1 Digital Bit Rate 64 kbit/s 2.048 Mbit/s Channels One 64 kbit/s 32 E0

PDH Hierarchy

E2
E3 E4 Bit Rate 155.52 Mbit/s 622.08 Mbit/s 2488.32Mbit/s 9953.28Mbit/s

8.448 Mbit/s
34.368 Mbit/s 139.264 Mbit/s Abbreviated 155 Mbit/s 622 Mbit/s 2.5 Gbit/s 10 Gbit/s

128 E0
16 E1 64 E1 SDH STM-1 STM-4 STM-16 STM-64 SDH Capacity 63 E1, 3 E3 or 1 E4 252 E1, 12 E3 or 4 E4 1008 E1, 48 E3 or 16 E4 4032 E1, 192 E3, 64 E4

SDH Hierarchy
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Chapter1 SDH Overview

Chapter2 Frame Structure & Multiplexing Methods Chapter3 Overhead & Pointers

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Glossary
Mapping - A process used when tributaries are adapted into VCs by

adding POH information

Aligning - This process takes place when a pointer is included in a

Tributary Unit (TU) or an Administrative Unit (AU), to allow the 1st byte of the VC to be located

Multiplexing - This process is used when multiple low-order path signals

are adapted into a higher-order path signal, or when high-order path signals are adapted into a Multiplexing Section Back

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SDH Multiplexing Method

SDH Multiplexing includes:

Low to high rate SDH signals ( STM-1 STM-N ) PDH to SDH signals ( 2M, 34M & 140M STM-N )

Other hierarchy signals to SDH Signals ( IP STM-N )

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Glossary
C = Container VC = Virtual Container TU = Tributary Unit AU = Administrative Unit

TUG = Tributary Unit Group

AUG = Administrative Unit Group STM = Synchronous Transfer Module POH = Path Overhead

Back
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SDH Frame Structure

Frame = 125 us From ITU-T G.707: 1. One frame lasts for 125 microseconds (8000 frames/s) Rectangular block structure 9 rows and 270 columns(STM-1) Each unit is one byte (8 bits) Transmission mode: Byte by byte, row by row, from left to right, from top to bottom

2.

3. 4.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
270 Columns

9 rows

Bit rate of STM-1= 9*270*8*8000

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SDH Frame Structure

Frame = 125 us

Three parts

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

RSOH AU-PTR

Information Payload

9 rows

MSOH

9 270 Columns
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SDH Frame Structure

Information Payload Also known as Virtual Container level 4 (VC-4) Used to transport low speed tributary signals Contains low rate signals and Path Overhead (POH) Location: rows #1 ~ #9, columns #10 ~ #270

LPOH, TU-PTR
RSOH

package
AU-PTR
9 rows

HPOH
1

Payload

low rate signal

package

MSOH

LPOH, TU-PTR
9 270 Columns
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Data package
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SDH Frame Structure

Section Overhead
Functions : Fulfills the section layer OAM
1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9

Types of Section Overhead

RSOH

1.
AU-PTR

Information Payload

9 rows

MSOH

9 270 Columns

RSOH monitors the regenerator section 2. MSOH monitors the multiplexing section Location: 1. RSOH: rows #1 ~ #3, columns #1 ~ #9 2. MSOH: rows #5 ~ #9, columns #1 ~ #9

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SDH Frame Structure

AU-PTR
Function: Indicates the first byte of VC4 Location: row #4, columns #1 ~ #9
RSOH
4 AU-PTR

Information Payload

9 rows

MSOH
J1

9 270 Columns

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SDH Multiplexing Structure

1 STM-64 STM-16 STM-4 1 1 AUG-64 4 AUG-16 4 1 1 AU-4-64c VC-4-64c C-4-64c

AU-4-16c AU-4-4c

VC-4-16c

C-4-16c C-4-4c

AUG-4
4

VC-4-4c

STM-1

1 AU-4 3 VC-4 C-4 139264 kbit/s

AUG-1

Mapping Aligning Multiplexing

TUG-3

1 TU-3 TUG-2 TU-12 VC-12

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VC-3

C-3

34368 kbit/s

Pointer processing

Go to glossary
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C-12

2048 kbit/s

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SDH Tributary Multiplexing (140M)

140 Mbit/s to STM-N

C4 139.26Mbps Rate adaptation 1

149.76Mbps

VC4

150.34Mbps
1

Add HPOH

9 Mapping
1 125s 260 1

H P O H 125s 261

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SDH Tributary Multiplexing (140M)

150.91Mbps
10 270 AUG-1 1 STM-1 270

RSOH Add AU-PTR

AU-PTR AU-4 1 Add SOH 9 Aligning Multiplexing AUG-N AU-PTR Info Payload

MSOH

1 STM-N

270X N

One STM-1 frame can load only one 140Mbit/s Signal

Add SOH 9

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SDH Tributary Multiplexing (34M)

34 Mbit/s to STM-N
C3 VC3 48.96Mbps 1 H P O H 1 85 Next page 9 Mapping 125s

48.38Mbps
34.37Mbps Rate Adaptation 1 Add HPOH

9 1 84 125s

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SDH Tributary Multiplexing (34M)

TU-3 1 H1 H2 H3 1st align 9 Aligning 86 1 1 1H 1 H 2 Fill H gap R 3 9 TUG-3 86 1 P O R R H 9 1 VC-4

148.608Mbps
3 26 1

49.152Mbps

49.1536Mbps
Multiplexing

Same procedure as 140M

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SDH Tributary Multiplexing (2M)

2 Mbit/s to STM-N
C12 1 2.048Mbps Rate Adaptation Add LPOH Add TU-PTR Next page 4 1 VC12 1 LPO H 4 1 1 TU12 4 1

9
125s 2.176Mbps Mapping
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9
2.240Mbps Aligning
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9
TU-PTR

SDH Tributary Multiplexing (2M)

TUG-2 6.912Mbps 1 TUG-3 49.1536Mbps 86 1 7 R R

12
1

9 Same procedure as 34M

Multiplexing

Multiplexing

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Chapter1 SDH Overview

Chapter2 Frame Structure & Multiplexing Methods Chapter3 Overhead & Pointers

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Section Overheads
R S O H A1 B1 D1 A1 A1 A2 E1 D2 A2 A2 J0 F1 D3

AU-PTR
B2 M S O H D4 B2 B2 K1 D5 K2 D6

D7
D10 S1 STM-1

D8
D11 M1

D9
D12 E2

= Media dependent bytes

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A1 and A2 Bytes

Framing Bytes Indicate the beginning of theSTM-N frame A1 = f6H (11110110), A2 = 28H (00101000) In STM-N: (3XN) A1 bytes, (3XN) A2 bytes

STM-N

STM-N

STM-N

STM-N

STM-N

STM-N

Finding frame head

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A1 and A2 Bytes

Framing

Find A1,A2 Y

OOF over 3ms LOF

Next process
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AIS

D1 ~ D12 Bytes
Data Communications Channels (DCC) Bytes

RS-DCC D1 ~ D3 192 kbit/s ( 3X64 kbit/s ) MS-DCC D4 ~ D12 576 kbit/s ( 9X64kbit/s )

NE

NE DCC channel

NE

NE

TMN

OAM Information: Operation, Administration and maintenance

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E1 and E2 Bytes

Orderwire Bytes E1 RS Orderwire Byte RSOH orderwire message E2 MS Orderwire Byte MSOH orderwire message

NE

NE E1 and E2

NE

NE

Digital telephone channel E1-RS, E2-MS

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B1 Byte
Bit interleaved Parity Code (BIP-8) Byte

A parity code (even parity), used to check the transmission errors over the RS B1 BBE is represented by RS-BBE( performance event)
B1 STM-N B1 STM-N

Tx A1 A2 A3 A4 00110011 11001100 10101010 00001111

Rx

BIP-8

1#STM-N 2#STM-N

Calculate BIP-8= A B1=A Calculate

2#STM-N

B 01011010

1#STM-N BIP-8=A1 Verify A1&AB1 BBE

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B2 Byte
Bit interleaved Parity Code (MS BIP-24) Byte

BIP-24 is used to check the bit errors over the MS B2 BBE is represented by MS-BBE( performance event) The mechanism of B2 is same as B1

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M1 Byte
Multiplexing Section Remote Error Indication Byte

A return message from Rx to Tx ,when Rx find B2 bit errors

A count of BIP-24xN (B2) bit errors

Tx generate corresponding performance event MS-FEBBE Traffic

Tx

Rx

Generate MS-FEBBE MS-REI

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Return M1

Find B2 bit errors Generate MS-BBE

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K1 and K2 (b1-b5)

Automatic Protection Switching (APS) bytes

Transmitting APS protocol

Used for network multiplexing protection switch function

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K2 (b6 ~ b8)
Rx detects K2 (b6-

Start

b8)="111" generate MSAIS alarm

Rx detects K2 (b6b8)="110" generate MSRDI alarm

Detect K2 (b6-b8) 111 Generate MS-AIS

110

Return MS-RDI

Generate MS-RDI Downware

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S1 Byte
Synchronization Status Message Byte (SSMB): S1

(b5~ b8) Value indicates the sync. level

bit 5 ~ 8
0000

Description
Quality unknown (existing sync. Network)

0010 0100
1000 1011 1111

G.811 PRC SSU-A (G.812 transit)

SSU-B (G.812 local) G.813 (Sync. Equipment Timing Clock) Do not use for sync (DNU).

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Path Overheads
1

2 3 4 5 6 7

8 9

10
J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3

VC-n Path Trace Byte

Path BIP-8 Path Signal Label Path Status Path User Channel TU Multiframe Indi

Path User Channel AP Switching

Network Operator

K3 N1

Higher Order Path Overhead

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Path trace byte: J1

> The first byte of VC-4 > User-programmable > The received J1 should

Detect J1

match with the expected J1

Match

HP-TIM

Next process

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B3 Byte
Path bit parity code byte (even parity code) Used to detect bit errors Mechanism is same as B1and B2

Verify B3

correct

HP-BBE

Next process

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Signal label byte: C2

Detect C2
> Specifies the mapping type in

the VC-n
> 00 H Unequipped

N Y N

00H

02 H TUG structure 13 H ATM mapping The received C2 should match with the expected C2
Next process HP-SLM Match

HP-UNEQ

Insert TU-AIS downward

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Path Overheads
Low Order Path Overhead

1
1 V5

4
J2 N2 K4

VC-12

VC-12

VC-12

VC-12

500s VC-12 multiframe

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Path Overhead Bytes

V5
> First byte of the multiframe > Indicated by TU-PTR Functions: Error checking, Signal Label and Path Status of VC-12

b1- b2 b3 b4 b5 ~ b7 b8

Error Performance Monitoring (BIP-2) Return Error detected in VC-12 (LP-REI) Return Failure declared in VC-12 (LP-RFI) Signal Label for VC-12 Indicate Defect in VC-12 path (LP-RDI)

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Pointers

Pointers

AU-PTR

TU-PTR

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AU-PTR
1 RSOH
Negative justification Positive justification

H1YYH2FF H3H3H3 MSOH

------ 86

9 1

RSOH

435 436 ------ 521 522 523 -----608 696 697 ------782

125us

H1YYH2FFH3H3H3 MSOH

------ 86

9 1
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250us 270

TU-PTR
1 4 J2 N2 K4

V5

VC-12

VC-12

VC-12

VC-12

V1

V2 500s VC-12 multiframe TU POINTERS

V3

V4

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Summary

SDH Overview
SDH Frame Structure & Multiplexing

Methods
Overhead & Pointers

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Thank You
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