Welcome to

Lectures on D.C.Generators

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 DIRECT CURRENT
MACHINES
DC machine Construction
• The major advantages of DC
machines are: easy speed and Field
torque regulation. Rotor
• The stator of the DC motor has
poles, which are excited by DC
current to produce magnetic fields.
• The rotor has a ring-shaped N S
laminated iron-core with slots.
• Coils with several turns are placed in
the slots. The distance between the
two legs of the coil is about 180
Stator with
electric degrees.
Brush with poles

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 DC Generators.
• Basic operation of the generator
– As the loop rotates, the magnetic
flux through it changes with
time
– This induces an emf and a
current in the external circuit
– The ends of the loop are
connected to slip rings that
rotate with the loop
– Connections to the external
circuit are made by stationary
brushes in contact with the slip
rings

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 DC Generators, cont
• The output voltage always
has the same polarity
• The current is a pulsating
current
• To produce a steady current,
many loops and
commutators around the axis
of rotation are used
– The multiple outputs are
superimposed and the
output is almost free of
fluctuations
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DC Generators
If we increase the number
of turns and arrange them
as shown, we can smooth
out the variations in
voltage.
In the old days, autos used
DC generators to recharge
the battery.

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DC Generators
Replace the brushes with
slip rings and you get a
DC generator. Notice the
voltage is not steady. The
coil is shown at the top
and bottom of the shaft.

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D. C. Generator

Principle of Operation:
When a conductor rotates in a magnetic field,
dynamically induced e.m.f is produced in it
according to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction.

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 Generated EMF

Let
φ = Flux/Pole in Wb
Z = Total No. of Armature Conductors
= No. of Slots × No. of Conductors per Slot
P = No. of Generator poles
A = No. of Parallel Paths in Armature
N = Armature rotation in rpm
E = EMF induced in any parallel path in Armature

Generated EMF E g = EMF generated in any one of the parallel paths i.e E

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 dφ
Average EMF Generated/Conductor = volt
dt
Now, Flux cut/conductor in 1 revolution, dφ = φP Wb
No. of Revolutions/sec = N/60
60
∴ Time for 1 revolution, dt = sec
N
Hence, according to Faraday’s Laws of electromagnetic induction,

dφ
EMF Generated/conductor = volt
dt
φP φPN
= = volt
60/N 60

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For Wave wound Generator

No. of Parallel Paths = 2

No. of Conductors (in series) in 1 path = Z/2

φPN Z φZPN
EMF Generated/path = × volt = volt
60 2 120

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For Lap wound Generator

No. of Parallel Paths = P

No. of Conductors (in series) in 1 path = Z/P

φPN Z φZN
EMF Generated/path = × volt = volt
60 P 60

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 In General,

Generated EMF

φZN  P 
Eg =   volt
60  A 
where, A = 2 for wave winding
= P for lap winding

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 Types of D.C. Generators

According to the way in which their fields

are excited, generators are classified into :
i) Separately excited D.C. Generator
ii) Self- excited D.C. Generator

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i) Separately excited D.C. Generators are those whose field
magnets are energized from an independent source of D.C. Current

If I
Brush
+
L
Eg O V
A
Field Winding D

-
Brush

V = E g − IR a − Brush Drops
Ra = Armature Resistance

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ii) Self excited D.C. Generators are those whose field
magnets are energized by the currents produced by the generators
themselves.

There are 3 types of self-excited D.C. Generators named according to

the manner in which their field coils are connected to the armature.

These are :

• Shunt wound D.C. Generator

• Series wound D.C. Generator
• Compound wound D.C. Generator

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i) Shunt wound D.C. Generator

Ish I
+
Ia
Ra L
Shunt Field O V
Eg A
Rsh D

Rsh – Shunt Field Resistance

Ra - Armature Resistance
I a = I + I sh
V = E g − I a R a − Brush Drops
V = I sh R sh
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ii) Series wound D.C. Generator

Ia=Ise=I Rse

Series Field
+
L
O V
Eg
A
D

V = E g − I a ( R a + R se ) − Brush Drops

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iii) Compound wound D.C. Generator

Series Field

Ish
L V
Ia O
A
D
Shunt Field Eg

Short Shunt

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 I sh I

Series Field

Ia
L V
Shunt Field
O
Eg A
D

Long Shunt

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 Portable D. C. Generator

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