AIR POLLUTION

SUBMITTED TO: PROF..PRAVEEN SAPTARSHI

4/13/2013

SUBMITTED BY: APOORVA KULSHRESTHA (1003) CHITRANSH SHRIVASTAVA (1009) MEENU JAIN (1014) PRIYANKA KULSHRESHTHA (1019) SOMSUBHRA CHATTERJEE (1024) 1

Air Pollution in Shanghai, China, in 2004

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ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS

Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs) Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichloroethylene 4/13/2013 vinyl chloride

INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS

Arsenic Asbestos Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Platinum Vanadium

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What is air pollution?

Contamination of the air by noxious gases and minute particles of solid and liquid matter (particulates) in concentrations that endanger health Air pollution only occurs outdoors
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What Is the Nature of the Atmosphere?

The atmosphere is structured in layers, including the troposphere, which supports life, and the stratosphere, which contains the protective ozone layer.

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The Atmosphere Consists of Several Layers

Atmosphere varies in
Density Atmospheric pressure

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120 110 100 90 80 Altitude (kilometers) 70 60 50

Atmospheric pressure (millibars) 1,000 200 400 600 800 75 Temperature Thermosphere

65

Mesopause

55

Stratopause

35

Stratosphere

40
30 20 10 Pressure Tropopause Ozone layer Troposphere

25

15

5 Pressure = 1,000 millibars at ground level

(Sea 0 level)
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80 40 40 0 Temperature (C)

120

Altitude (miles)

Mesosphere

45

8 Fig. 18-3, p. 470

Air Movements in the Troposphere Play a Key Role in Earths Weather and Climate
Troposphere
7580% of the earths air mass Closet to the earth's surface Chemical composition of air Rising and falling air currents: weather and climate Involved in chemical cycling

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The Stratosphere Is Our Global Sunscreen

Stratosphere
Similar composition to the troposphere, with 2 exceptions
Much less water O3, ozone layer, filters UV

Location

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Whats smog ?
Coined in 1950s Mixture of smoke and fog Smoke occurs when emission from different places like accumulate under certain climatic conditions Two types: Summer or photochemical (1st in America) Winter(2nd in London)
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Formation of Photochemical Smog

Sources of Outside Air Pollution

Combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbon fuels in cars, trucks, and airplanes Burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, and dinosaur bones) Insecticides Herbicides Everyday radioactive fallouts Dust from fertilizers Mining operations Livestock feedlots 4/13/2013

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Sources of Indoor pollution

Efficient insulation Bacteria Molds and mildews Viruses animal dander and cat saliva plants house dust Mites Cockroaches pollen

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Effects on the environment

Acid rain Ozone depletion Global warming In human populationrespiratory problems, allergies, strengthens lugs, and a risk for cancer

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Acid rain
contains high levels of sulfuric or nitric acids contaminate drinking water and vegetation damage aquatic life erode buildings Alters the chemical equilibrium of some soils

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Strategies
Air Quality Management Plan Development of new technology- electric cars, cleaner fuels, low nitrogen oxide boilers and water healers, zero polluting paints Use of natural gas Carpooling Follow the laws enacted
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Role of Engines and Fuel

Different engines and fuel combinations give out different emissions in different quantities.

Some engines have catalysts which effectively remove part of the harmful gases.

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Catalytic Converters and Particle Traps

Catalytic converters can be fitted to cars to reduce NOx emissions.
CO + HC + NOx H2O + N2 + CO2
Platinum Honeycomb

Particle traps can be used to reduce PM10 and NOx, but the effectiveness is severely reduced if the fuel the vehicle burns has a high sulphur content. The major target in the battle for cleaner cities is diesel.

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FLOW INFORMATION

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Chemical Reactions That Form Major Outdoor Air Pollutants

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Some Pollutants in the Atmosphere Combine to Form Other Pollutants

Primary pollutants Secondary pollutants Air quality improving in developed countries

Much more needs to be done in developing countries

Indoor pollution: big threat to the poor
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What Are the Major Outdoor Air Pollutants?

Carbon oxides
Carbon monoxide (CO) Carbon dioxide (CO2) Sources Human health and environmental impact

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What Are the Major Outdoor Air Pollutants?

Nitrogen oxides (NO) and nitric acid (HNO3)
Sources Acid deposition Photochemical smog Human health and environmental impact

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4)

Sources Human health and environmental impact

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What Are the Major Outdoor Air Pollutants?

Particulates
Suspended particulate matter (SPM)
Fine Ultrafine

Sources Human health and environmental impact

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What Are the Major Outdoor Air Pollutants?

Ozone (O3)
Sources Human and environmental impact

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

Hydrocarbons and terpenes Sources Human and environmental impact
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Sunlight Plus Cars Equals Photochemical Smog

Photochemical Smog
Chemical composition Sources

VOCs + NO2 + Heat + Sunlight yields

Ground level O3 and other photochemical oxidants Aldehydes Other secondary pollutants

Human health and environmental impact

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Case Study: U.S. Air Pollution Can Be Improved

Rely on cleanup more than prevention of pollution Raise fuel-efficiency for cars, SUVs, and light trucks Better regulation of emissions of motorcycles and two-cycle gasoline engines Regulate air pollution for oceangoing ships in American ports
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Case Study: U.S. Air Pollution Can Be Improved

Why are airports exempt from many regulations? Regulate greenhouse gas emissions Ultrafine particles are not regulated Urban O3 levels too high
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Case Study: U.S. Air Pollution Can Be Improved

What about indoor air pollution? Better enforcement of the Clean Air Acts Is intense pressure needed from citizens to make improvements?

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Natural Capital: Lichen Species, Vulnerability to Air Pollutants

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PANS and other pollutants Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Ozone (O3) Oxygen (O2)

Nitric oxide (NO) + Oxygen atom (O)

Water vapor Hydrocarbons (H O) UV radiation 2 Peroxyacyl nitrates Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (PANs) Oxygen (O2)

Nitric oxide (NO)

Oxygen (O2) Burning fossil fuels

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Nitrogen (N) in fossil fuel

34 Fig. 18-9, p. 477

SOLUTIONS
Lead Poisoning
Prevention
Phase out leaded gasoline worldwide Phase out waste incineration Ban use of lead solder Ban use of lead in computer and TV monitors Ban lead glazing for ceramicware used to serve food Ban candles with lead cores Test blood for lead by age 1
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Control
Replace lead pipes and plumbing fixtures containing lead solder Remove leaded paint and lead dust from older houses and apartments Sharply reduce lead emissions from incinerators Remove lead from TV sets and computer monitors before incineration or land disposal Test for lead in existing ceramicware used to serve food Test existing candles for lead Wash fresh fruits and vegetables
35 Fig. 18-7, p. 476

Global Outlook: Photochemical Smog in Santiago, Chile

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Denvers Brown Cloud:

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Warmer air
Inversion layer

Descending warm air mass Inversion layer Sea breeze Increasing altitude
Decreasing temperature

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38 Fig. 18-11, p. 478

Wind
Transformation to sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3)

Nitric oxide (NO)

Windborne ammonia gas and some soil particles partially neutralize acids and form dry sulfate and nitrate salts

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and NO Acid fog

Dry acid deposition (sulphur dioxide gas and particles of sulfate and nitrate salts)

Wet acid depostion (droplets of H2SO4 and HNO3 dissolved in rain and snow)

Lakes in shallow Lakes in deep soil low in soil high in limestone limestone are become acidic buffered

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39 Fig. 18-12, p. 479

Potential problem areas because of sensitive soils Potential problem areas because of air pollution: emissions leading to acid deposition Current problem areas (including lakes and rivers)

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40 Fig. 18-13, p. 480

Emissions

SO2 NOx Acid HO deposition 2 2 O3 PANs Others Direct damage to leaves and bark Reduced photosynthesis and growth

Increased susceptibility to drought, extreme cold, insects, mosses, and disease organisms

Soil acidification

Tree death

Leaching of soil nutrients Lake Groundwater

Acids

Release of toxic metal ions

Root damage

Reduced nutrient and water uptake

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41 Fig. 18-14a, p. 481

SOLUTIONS
Acid Deposition Prevention
Reduce coal use
Burn low-sulfur coal Increase natural gas use Increase use of renewable energy resources Remove SO2 particulates and NOx from smokestack gases Remove NOx from motor vehicular exhaust Tax emissions of SO2 Reduce air pollution by improving energy efficiency

Cleanup
Add lime to neutralize acidified lakes
Add phosphate fertilizer to neutralize acidified lakes

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42 Fig. 18-15, p. 483

Some Important Indoor Air Pollutants

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Science: Magnified View of a Household Dust Mite in a Dust Ball

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Major Components of the Human Respiratory System

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SOLUTIONS
Stationary Source Air Pollution Prevention Burn low-sulfur coal Dispersion or Cleanup Disperse emissions above thermal inversion layer with tall smokestacks Remove pollutants after combustion

Remove sulfur from coal Convert coal to a liquid or gaseous fuel Shift to less polluting energy sources
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Tax each unit of pollution produced

46 Fig. 18-22, p. 491

SOLUTIONS
Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Prevention Use mass transit Walk or bike Use less polluting fuels Improve fuel efficiency Get older, polluting cars off the road Give large tax writeoffs or rebates for buying low-polluting, energy efficient vehicles Inspect car exhaust systems twice a year Cleanup Require emission control devices

Set strict emission standards

47 Fig. 18-23, p. 491

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SOLUTIONS
Prevention Indoor Air Pollution Cleanup or Dilution
Use adjustable fresh air vents for work spaces Clean ceiling tiles and line AC ducts to prevent release of mineral fibers Ban smoking or limit it to well-ventilated areas

Increase intake of outside air Change air more frequently Circulate a buildings air through rooftop greenhouses Use efficient venting systems for woodburning stoves Use exhaust hoods for stoves and appliances burning natural gas
48 Fig. 18-24, p. 492

Set stricter formaldehyde emissions standards for carpet, furniture, and building materials Prevent radon infiltration Use office machines in well-ventilated areas

Use less polluting substitutes for harmful cleaning agents, paints, and other products
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SOLUTIONS
Air Pollution Outdoor
Improve energy efficiency to reduce fossil fuel use Rely more on lowerpolluting natural gas Rely more on renewable energy (especially solar cells, wind, and solarproduced hydrogen) Transfer energy efficiency, renewable energy, and pollution prevention technologies to developing countries
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Indoor
Reduce poverty

Distribute cheap and efficient cookstoves or solar cookers to poor families in developing countries

Reduce or ban indoor smoking

Develop simple and cheap tests for indoor pollutants such as particulates, radon, and formaldehyde
49 Fig. 18-26, p. 493

Primary Pollutants CO CO2 SO2 NO NO2 Most hydrocarbons Most suspended particles Secondary Pollutants

SO3 HNO3 H2SO4 H2O2 O3 PANs Most NO3 and SO42 salts

Sources

Natural

Stationary

Mobile

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50 Fig. 18-4, p. 472

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