BIOLOGY FORM 5

CHAPTER 1 : TRANSPORT

PREPARED BY : EN. MUHD FAZLI B. DOLLAH

LEARNING OUTCOMES
To state what translocation is. To explain the importance of translocation in plants. To describe the process of transpiration. To explain the importance of transpiration. To describe the pathway of water from the soil to the leaves. To state external conditions affecting transpiration

TRANSLOCATION
The transport of dissolved organic food substances by the phloem. IMPORTANCE OF TRANSLOCATION
Ensures a plants survival Organic food molecules can be transported :

To the growing regions in the plant for growth & development To the plant cells for metabolism Downwards from the leaves to the storage organs such as the roots

 The loss of water as water vapour from a living plant to the

TRANSPIRATION

atmosphere due to evaporation.

Most of the water is lost through the stomata of leaves. A small amount is lost through the cuticle or through the lenticels in woody stem

 Three main sites of transpiration are :

STOMATA 90% of transpiration takes place through minute pores on leaves called stomata CUTICLE 10% of transpiration takes place through the cuticle. The amount of water loss varies with the thickness of the waxy cuticle LENTICELS small pores in the stem which allow gaseous exchange. Only small amounts of water are lost through the lenticels.

 Transpiration occurs mainly during the day when the stomata are opened. Heat from the sun causes the water to evaporate from the walls of the spongy mesophyll cells. The water vapour accumulates in the substomatal air chambers before diffusing from the plant through the open stomata

 Water move into the mesophyll cells by osmosis from the adjacent cell
Water flows from the xylem vessels along a chain of cells to the outermost mesophyll cell. Water is pulled through the xylem vessels from the root to the leaves.

The Importance of Transpiration

Creates a transpirational pull that pulls water & dissolved mineral ions from the root to the leaves. Water supplied to the plant is used for photosynthesis & cell metabolism. Mineral ions is used for cell activities & growth & development of the plant.

 Water keeps the cell turgid give support to leaves & young stems (herbaceous plants). To keep the plant cool, an important effect particularly in hot condition.
Water evaporates from the plants to the atmosphere faster than it can be absorbed from the soil, it is withdrawn from the plant cells flaccid leading to wilting

 Water & mineral ions are absorbed by young roots with thin epidermis. (osmotic forces + active transport) The pressure of root hairs increases the surface area for absorption.

PATHWAY OF WATER FROM THE SOIL TO THE LEAVES

The cell sap in the root hair cell contains sugars, amino acids, & minerals more concentrated than the surrounding dilute soil solution.

 Water diffuses into the root cells by osmosis. The entry of water into the root cells dilutes its cell sap.
The cell sap of the adjacent cortex cell is now more concentrated water molecules diffuse into the adjacent root cell.

 The process continues & water is transported from one root cell to another by osmosis.
In the cells of the endodermis, mineral ions are actively pumped from these cells into the solution in the xylem vessels in the root.

Solution in xylem more concentrated water enters xylem by osmosis.

 This process creates an upward force called ROOT PRESSURE. Helps to push water in the xylem up to a certain height in the plant.
Root pressure alone is insufficient to force the water to the top part of a tall tree. Need CAPILLARITY ACTION & TRANSPIRATIONAL PULL.

GUTTATION
In small plants, root pressure can push water all the way up the stem & out of special pores called hydathodes at the edges of leaves Guttation Occurs on cool humid morning when the air is too saturated for the water drops to evaporate from the leaves.

THE EXTERNAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE RATE OF TRANSPIRATION

The external factors that affect the rate of evaporation. Air movement Temperature Light intensity Relative humidity

AIR MOVEMENT
Movement of air carries away water molecules that have diffused from the leaves. The faster the air movement (wind speed) the greater the rate of transpiration. When there is little air movement/ in still air, water vapour diffusing out of the leaf accumulates around the stomata. Decreases the concentration gradient of water, the transpiration rate reduces.

 A rise in temperature increases the kinetic energy of water molecules & increase the rate of evaporation (transpiration). Lowers the relative humidity of the air increase the rate of transpiration. Temperature low, kinetic energy of water molecules is decreased. Relative humidity of the air is higher decrease the rate of transpiration

TEMPERATURE

LIGHT INTENSITY
The light intensity increased, the rate of evaporation increases.

Light not effects evaporation but causes the stomata to open increasing water loss from the plant.
At night @ dark, stomata close rate of transpiration decreases

RELATIVE HUMIDITY
The rate of evaporation depends on the difference in concentration of water molecules in the sub-stomatal spaces & in the surrounding atmosphere. The lower the relative humidity of the surrounding atmosphere, the faster will the water vapour escape from the stomata. High relative humidity reduces water loss.

ROOT PRESSURE
If a stem is cut just above ground level, a considerable amount of sap will exude from the cut stump, showing that there is a force pushing water up the stem from the roots. Its ROOT PRESSURE The result of an active process in which energy from ATP is used.

ROOT PRESSURE
Root pressure alone is not strong enough to drive water to the tops of tall trees at the speeds achieved during a normal growing season.

COHESION & ADHESION OF WATER

COHESION = the force of attraction between the same molecules The cohesive forces between water molecules hold the continuous columns of water together & when water transpires from the leaf, the whole of the water column moves up the xylem vessels.

 ADHESION = the force of attraction between different molecules

Water molecules tend to adhere to the walls of the xylem vessels.

The adhesive forces can support a considerable mass of water.

Cohesion + adhesion = capillarity (the rise of water in a capillary tube).

 Dicotyledonous leaves = on the lower surface

OPENING & CLOSING OF STOMATA

Monocotyledonous leaves = both the upper & lower surfaces. Each stoma consists of a pair of kidney-shaped guard cells surrounding a stomatal pore.

 A guard cell has a thinner elastic outer cell wall & a thicker, less elastic inner cell wall. It has a nucleus, cytoplasm & chloroplasts.
The opening & closing of the stomata in the leaf controls the diffusion of CO2 & O2 into & out of a leaf as well as the rate of transpiration.

STOMATAL OPENING
DAY : photosynthesis occurs & CO2 level is low in the leaf. Potassium ions (K+) diffuse from surrounding epidermal subsidiary cells into the guard cells.

In many plant species, starch stored in the guard cell is converted into malate.
The accumulation of K+ & malate ions increase the osmotic pressure in the guard cell.

 Water enters by osmosis from surrounding epidermal cells into the guard cells Two guard cells become turgid & curve outward & the stoma opens.

 NIGHT : no photosynthesis & CO2 level is high. Potassium ions move out of the guard cells into the epidermal cells. Malate ions are converted to starch. The osmotic pressure in the guard cells decreases. Water diffuses out to the surrounding epidermal cells by osmosis.

STOMATAL CLOSING

 Guard cells become flaccid & stoma closes.

The stomata also close, when there is insufficient water supply & the transpiration rate is high.

Rasulullah bersabda: Yang menjadikan orang mukmin itu pemurah adalah agamanya,yang menjadikan orang mukmin itu mempunyai kehormatan adalah akalnya dan yang menjadikan orang mukmin itu mulia adalah budi pekertinya