Silica Fume Influence On RC Beams Behavior: Advisor: Dr. Ahmed Bushlaibi

United Arab Emirates University College of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Graduation Project II Second Semester
2007/2008
Silica Fume influence on RC Beams Behavior

Advisor: Dr. Ahmed Bushlaibi
Group members: Khamis Ahmed Khamis Khalid Haza Mansour Nasser Abdullah Alnaqbi Khaled Moussalli 199900588 200235841 200212673 200337587
Silica Fume influence on RC Beams Behavior Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
contents
Introduction. The split cylinder test. The permeability test. The bending test. The flexural test. Conclusion.
Introduction
Using silica fume as an enhancer for the concrete beams, slabs, columns and any other concrete structure. Concrete is very good material in compression however it is very week in tension so that is way we use reinforcement in it.
Why Silica Fume ?
Cement grains (left), silica fume particles (right) at the same magnification. The ACI 234R-96 report estimates that for a 15 percent silica fume replacement of cement, there are approximately 2,000,000 particles of silica fume for each grain of portland cement
Why Silica Fume ?

Change microstructure of the concrete
Physical aspect of silica fume :
Fills in the spaces between cement grains
Chemical contribution :
Cement releases calcium hydroxide. Silica has very high silicon dioxide.
Calcium hydroxide will react with silicon dioxide to form calcium silicate hydrate.
Introduction
Concrete solidifies and hardens after mixing and placement due to a chemical process known as hydration. The water reacts with cement which bonds the other components together eventually creating a stone-like material. Reinforcement is a good indication for failure because it gives us a warning.
Introduction
In GPI the concrete compression test was done.
Was that enough ??!
Four more test were done.

The split cylinder test. The permeability test. The bending test. The flexural test.
The split cylinder test The permeability test. The bending test. The flexural test.
Split Cylinder Test
Split cylinder test

This test, often referred to as the split-cylinder test, indirectly measures the tensile strength of concrete by compressing a cylinder through a line load applied along its length.
10
The testing machine

This test can be completed in a standard concrete compression testing machine, with only one special requirement the hinged bearing that loads the specimen.
11
The Experiment
12
Results
7 days Results %0 261 258 250 Avg 256.33 Silica % %7.50 261 250 260 257 %10 327 300 315 314 %12.50 356 362 352 356.67
The results above are in MPa
13
Results
14 days Results %0 270 270 285 281.67
Silica Fume % %7.50 %10 351 333 343 342.33 342 347 342 343.67
%12.50 357 376 357 363.33
Avg
14
Results
28 days Results %0 370 370 340 Avg 360 Silica Fume % %7.50 380 400 400 393.33 %10 450 435 445 443.33 %12.50 480 475 480 478.33

15
Results
16
Permeability
Permeability describes the ease by which any species (i.e. liquid or gas) can pass through concrete.
Objective : Effect of silica fume in permeability of concrete on different percentage (0%,7.5%,10%,12.5%)
Permeability
Most popular fluid is water Most popular gas is O2 & CO2
Inflow
Flow path
Concrete Specimen
Water permeating through concrete
Outflow
Permeability test
Shape: Cylinder
R=15cm
v=r2h
R=15cm=0.15m r=7.5cm=0.075m h=2cm=0.02m
V =( )*(0.075)2*(0.02) =0.00035m3 V for 16 cylinder = (16)*(0.00035) =0.0056m3
h=2cm
Calculation
Water content for 16 cylinder=1.12Kg/m3 Cement content for 16 cylinder=3.3936kg
Coarse Aggregate: For 16 cylinder = 5.1072 Kg Fine Aggregate: For 16 cylinder = 3.3432 Kg Super plasticizer:
Sp=1.5 to 2 % of the total cement. SP= 1.65% * 3.3936 = 53 ml
Experiment
Curing
Water 25 days
Oven 3days
Transportation
To protect sample against air moisture

Air permeability device
Line diagram for the oxygen permeability apparatus
The Permeability Cell
Permeability
Permeability Coefficient (m/sec) Driving Force Pressure head (m)
h Q k A l
Volume Flow Rate (m3/sec) Cross Section (m2/sec) Flow Path i.e. specimen thickness (m) Pressure head gradient
0%
Volum P e t1 t2 t3 t_averag (bar) V(cc) (sec) (sec) (sec) (sec) 1.5 2 2.5 10 10 10 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.24 0.11 0.6 Q m3/sec A m2 l m h m 1.5 2 2.5 K m/sec 3.14388E-05 5.14454E-05 7.54532E-06 3.01432E-05
4.16667E-05 0.017671 0.02 9.09091E-05 0.017671 0.02 1.66667E-05 0.017671 0.02
7.5%
P Volume t1 (bar) V(cc) (sec) t2 (sec) t3 (sec) Q A l m3/sec m2 m 1.47131E- 0.01767 6.796667 06 1 0.02 3.56295E- 0.01767 2.806667 06 1 0.02 6.14754E- 0.01767 1.626667 06 1 0.02 t_averag (sec) h m
K m/sec
1.5
2 2.5
10
10 10
6.8
2.8 1.6
6.82
2.82 1.65
6.77
2.8 1.63
1.5
2 2.5
1.11015E-06
2.01627E-06 2.78311E-06 1.96984E-06
10%
P Volume t1 (bar) V(cc) (sec) 1.5 2 2.5 10 10 10 11.5 5.21 2.23 t2 (sec) t3 t_averag (sec) (sec) Q m3/sec A m2 l m h m K m/sec
11.5 11.52 11.50667 8.69061E-07 0.017671 0.02 1.5 6.55735E-07 5.23 2.31 5.25 5.23 1.91205E-06 0.017671 0.02 2 1.08202E-06
2.32 2.286667 4.37318E-06 0.017671 0.02 2.5 1.97982E-06 1.23919E-06
12.5%
P (bar) 1.5 2 2.5 Volume V(cc) 5 5 5 t1 (sec) 18.54 8.82 5.41 t2 (sec) 19.12 8.68 5.4 t3 (sec) 19.4 8.79 5.41 Q A l m3/sec m2 m 2.62881E19.02 07 0.017671 0.02 5.70559E8.763333 07 0.017671 0.02 9.24784E5.406667 07 0.017671 0.02 t_averag (sec) h m 1.5 2 2.5 K m/sec 1.98347E07 3.2287E-07 4.18657E07 3.13291E-07 Silica Fume influence on RC Beams Behavior Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
3.50E-05
3.00E-05
2.50E-05 K (m/s) 2.00E-05 1.50E-05 1.00E-05 5.00E-06 0.00E+00 0 2 4 6 % Silica Fume 8 10 12 14
The silica fume will effect on the permeability as shown in the chart, when the quantity of silica fume increase the permeability will decrease.
Beam Design
Design of RC Section Requires Determination of: 1. Concrete Dimensions
Beam width b Depth of steel reinforcement d Section height h = d + cover-to-center of steel
2. Area of steel reinforcement As

3. Ensure safety requirements (As) min As (As) max
Beam Design
Step 1: Assume Concrete Dimensions (Beam width & Section height) and Section Length
Beam width b = 100 mm Section height h = 250 mm Section Length L = 1.8 m
Beam Design
Step 2: Estimate Beam Height According to ACI Deflection Requirements
hmin = L/16 = 1800 / 16 = 113 mm hb = 250 mm > 113 mm
Beam Design
Step 3: Assume bar size No. 10
For bar size No. 10, db = 9.5 mm

Beam Design
Step 4: Calculate depth of steel reinforcement (d)
Cover = concrete cover to steel center cc = clear concrete cover (20 mm for beams) ds = diameter of stirrups (bar size # 10) db = diameter of steel bar (bar size # 10)
Hence, Cover = cc + ds + db/2 = 20 + 9.5 + 9.5/2 = 34 mm
d = h - cover = 250 - 34 = 216 mm
Beam Design
Step 5: Assume grade of a steel reinforcing bar & area of steel reinforcement As Grade 420 (i.e. fy = 420 MPa) is the most commonly used steel Use 2 bars No. 10 (As = 142 mm2) Step 6: Compute steel ratio ()
As bd
= 142 / (100 * 216) = 0.00658
Beam Design
Step 7: Ensure safety requirements () min () max
m in
1.4 fy Greater of fc' 4 fy
m ax (0.75 )
0.85 1 fc ' 600 ( ) fy 600 fy

for fc ' 30 MPa
1 1.06 0.007 fc '
Beam Design
Step 7: Ensure safety requirements () min () max For fc' = 61.33 MPa 0.00466 0.03559
For fc' = 78.7 MPa

For fc' = 85.17 MPa For fc' = 90 MPa
0.00528 0.04567
0.00549 0.04943 0.00565 0.05223
Experiment
Strain Gauges
Pouring the Concrete
The Smooth Concrete Surface
Comparison of 0%, 7.5%, 10%, and 12.5% Silica Fume

70
60
50
Load (kN)
40
0% Silica Fume 7.5% Silica Fume 10% Silica Fume 12.5% Silica Fume
30
20
10
0 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 Strain 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 20,000
Comparison of 0%, 7.5%, 10%, and 12.5% Silica Fume after 28 days
70
60
50
Load (kN)
40
0% Silica Fume 7.5% Silica Fume 10% Silica Fume 12.5% Silica Fume
30
20
10
0 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 Strain 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 20,000
What is Flexural Strength ?
One measure of the tensile strength. Measure of an unreinforced concrete. Loading beams with tow concentrated load.
Beam Details
Flexural Strength Experimentally
Flexural Strength Theoretically
fcu = 1.25 fc
fc = 0.8 fcu fr = 0.7 (0.8 fcu)
Theoretical Load
cm d1(cm) d2(cm) L(cm) 15 15 50
mm 150 150 500
m 0.15 0.15 0.5
V(m3)
0.01125 0.07875
For 7 beams
Our Trial Mix Data

Water content for 7 beams = 200 x V Cement content for 7 beams = 606 x V
Coarse Aggregate for 7 beams = 912 x V Grade 10_14 = 30% Grade 5_10 = 70%
Fine Aggregate for 7 beams = 597 x V Dune sand = 20% Black sand = 80 %
Our Trial Mix Data
Preparing
Weighting
Mixing
58
Mixing
Prism Preparing
Concrete casting
59
60
Concrete Compression Machine

Consist of: Two supporting rollers Two load-applying rollers Steel with circular cross-section Diameter of 20 mm to 40 mm At least 10 mm longer
Doing the Experiment
Result
Result
Time Vs F
50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Time ( Days )
F ( KN )
0% 7.50% 10% 12.50%
Result
Result
Time Vs F
7 6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Time ( Days )
fr ( MPa )
0% 7.50% 10% 12.50%
Comparison
Conclusion
All the tests results were very encouraging. Adding the silica fume to any concrete mixture will enhance the properties of the concrete far beyond its initial properties.
Increasing the amount of silica fume will result in enhancing the concrete properties.
Conclusion
The silica fume is a very promising industry in the future. For the next semester it is recommended for one of the GPI groups to investigate the influence of fly ash on concrete and compare it with our results.

Silica Fume Influence On RC Beams Behavior: Advisor: Dr. Ahmed Bushlaibi

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United Arab Emirates University College of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Graduation Project II Second Semester

Silica Fume influence on RC Beams Behavior

Why Silica Fume ?

Why Silica Fume ?

Four more test were done.

Split Cylinder Test

Split cylinder test

The testing machine

The results above are in MPa

%12.50 357 376 357 363.33

The results above are in MPa

The results above are in MPa

Objective : Effect of silica fume in permeability of concrete on different percentage (0%,7.5%,10%,12.5%)

Water permeating through concrete

Sp=1.5 to 2 % of the total cement. SP= 1.65% * 3.3936 = 53 ml

To protect sample against air moisture

Air permeability device

Line diagram for the oxygen permeability apparatus

The Permeability Cell

4.16667E-05 0.017671 0.02 9.09091E-05 0.017671 0.02 1.66667E-05 0.017671 0.02

2.32 2.286667 4.37318E-06 0.017671 0.02 2.5 1.97982E-06 1.23919E-06

2. Area of steel reinforcement As

hmin = L/16 = 1800 / 16 = 113 mm hb = 250 mm > 113 mm

For bar size No. 10, db = 9.5 mm

Hence, Cover = cc + ds + db/2 = 20 + 9.5 + 9.5/2 = 34 mm

d = h - cover = 250 - 34 = 216 mm

= 142 / (100 * 216) = 0.00658

1.4 fy Greater of fc' 4 fy

0.85 1 fc ' 600 ( ) fy 600 fy

1 1.06 0.007 fc '

For fc' = 78.7 MPa

Pouring the Concrete

The Smooth Concrete Surface

Comparison of 0%, 7.5%, 10%, and 12.5% Silica Fume

What is Flexural Strength ?

Flexural Strength Experimentally

Flexural Strength Theoretically

cm d1(cm) d2(cm) L(cm) 15 15 50

mm 150 150 500

m 0.15 0.15 0.5

Our Trial Mix Data

Our Trial Mix Data

Concrete Compression Machine

Doing the Experiment

Doing the Experiment

Doing the Experiment

0% 7.50% 10% 12.50%

0% 7.50% 10% 12.50%

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