Digestive System

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Lab notes will be on reserve in library and on the web

Goals of the Digestive System

1.

Extract nutrients from food

Transform nutrients into useful forms Ex- oreo= glucose

2.

3. Absorb nutrients and distribute them where they are needed

Functions of the Digestive System

Ingestion: intake of nutrients

Digestion: breakdown of large particles into smaller ones Absorption: uptake of nutrient molecules Defecation: elimination of undigested residues

Actions of the Digestive System

1. Motility
-

Breaks up food Moves food through the GI tract (Peristalsis) Mixes with digestive enzymes Release of enzymes and hormones for chemical digestion and regulation Absorption of nutrients from the tissues by the blood and lymph for transport

2.

Secretion
-

3.

Membrane Transport
-

Stages of Digestion

Mechanical: physical breakdown of food

Chemical: digestive enzymes hydrolyze food particles to break larger molecules into smaller ones

Some nutrients are absorbed with out digestion

Vitamins, minerals, cholesterol, water

Anatomy of the Digestive System

Oral Cavity Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Pyloric Sphincter Small Intestine Large Intestine

Accessory Organs

Teeth Tongue Salivary Glands

Liver Gall Bladder Pancreas

Oral Cavity

Functions:
A.
B.

Ingestion: cheeks lips

Digestion:
Mechanical Mastication Chemical 3 salivary glands Digests some starches and fat

and tongue mobilize food

Pharynx
Motility: pharyngeal constrictors force food down during swallowing

Esophagus

www.mywebmd.ca.com

Straight muscular tube about 1 foot long Motility: muscular contraction moves food towards stomach

Heartburn and the Esophagus

Heartburn, acid reflux, is caused by acid and food going from the stomach into the esophagus The diaphragm normally prevents acid reflux, in conjunction with the lower esophageal sphincter. When this fails, the burning sensation felt is known as heartburn May be linked to a rare type of cancer, adenocarcinoma

Stomach

Muscular sac on the left side of the peritoneal cavity

Functions: Food storage Mechanical digestion Chemical digestion

Rugae in the Stomach

Rugae- folds in the stomach lining that allow it to expand with more food
How do we vomit?

http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion

Pyloric Sphincter

Ring of smooth muscle Regulates the passage of material from the stomach into the duodenum

http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion

Digestion in the Stomach

Mechanical Digestion:
Muscular contraction

Chemical Digestion:
Secretes digestive enzymes and HCl

Small Intestine

http://www.afns.ualberta.ca/bbo/1/ANATOMY/SI1.asp

2 meters long, 1 inch in diameter, 5-6 meters in cadaver

Functions:
Chemical Digestion

Nutrient Absorption
Motility

Anatomy of the Small Intestine

Duodenum (25 cm):

1. Receives stomach

Fig 25.22

contents, pancreatic juice and bile 2. Neutralizes stomach acid and pepsin 3. Pancreatic enzymes and bile take over chemical digestion

Anatomy of the Small Intestine

Jejunum (2.5m)
Ileum (3.6 m)
Reabsorbs bile acids

Functions of the Small Intestine

Motility: smooth muscle contract

Digestion: chemical enzymes received from the pancreas, liver and gall bladder

Microvilli

Nutrient reabsorption: microvilli increase surface area

Dynamic Human: Microvilli

Large Intestine

Functions
Motility

Reabsorbtion of Water and Electrolytes

Symbiotic bacteria
Synthesis Vitamins B & K

Anatomy of the Large Intestine

Transverse Colon: right to left

Ascending Colon: up the right side

Descending Colon: down the left side

Cecum: sac on lower right side

Sigmoid Colon: S-shaped

Anatomy of the Large Intestine

Rectum: straight down Anal Canal: out the body Appendix: hangs off cecum
Important in Immunity

Enzymes Involved in Chemical Digestion

Saliva:
Amylase: breaks down starch Lipase: breaks down fats when it enters the

stomach

Low pH of the stomach activates the enzyme

Enzymes Involved in Chemical Digestion

Stomach:
Digestive chemicals HCL: activates enzymes, breaks up foods Pepsin: digests proteins Renin: digests milk

Pepsin Formation
Interactions between Cells Chief Cells make pepsinogen Parietal Cells make HCl Pepsinogen is cleaved by HCl into Pepsin

Dynamic Human: Pepsin Formation

Enzymes Involved in Chemical Digestion

Small Intestine Two sources of enzymes
Liver and Gall bladder Pancreas

 Liver secretes bile that is active in the small

intestine

Enzymes Involved in Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestine

Bile: aids in fat digestion and absorption

make your feces brown

Activates pancreatic enzymes Synthesized from cholesterol Bacteria in the small intestine use bilirubin to

Gall bladder stores and concentrates bile

Gall Stones

What is a gall stone?

How do they treat gall stones? How is the gall bladder removed?

Enzymes Involved in Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestine

Pancreas: secretes pancreatic juice

1. Amylase: breaks down starch

2. Lipase: breaks down fats

3. Ribonuclease (RNAase): breaks down RNA 4. Deoxyribonuclease (DNAase): breaks down

DNA 5. Zymogens: inactive enzymes that activate in the small intestine

Mechanism of Absorption

Membrane Transport:
Nutrients pass through membrane surface The greater the membrane surface area, the

greater the amount of nutrients that can be transported

Surface Area
Rugae
Microvilli

Final Destinations of Digestion Products

Starches bloodstream

Fats lymph vessels (lacteals)

Proteins bloodstream

Dynamic Human: Visualization

Cat Dissection

Be able to locate and identify

Esophagus

Also know accessory organs

Tongue

Stomach
Small Intestine Large Intestine

Teeth
Gall Bladder Liver

Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon

Conclusion