KS4 Particles and energy

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Particles
What happens to the kinetic energy of the particles when a gas is heated? The heat energy is transferred to the kinetic energy of the gas particles. What sort of graph would you get if you plotted Kelvin temperature (Tk) against the average kinetic energy (KEave)of the particles. KEave Zero Kelvin temperature equals zero gas molecule kinetic energy. Tk At what temperature is zero Kelvin? -273C
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C
Kelvin temperature (K)

273K

-273C Celsius temperature (C)

Tk = Tc + 273K
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Converting temperatures

Celsius temperature (C) 0

27 -226

Kelvin temperature (K)

273

300
47 456 756
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183 483

Pressure and particles

What causes pressure in gases? In a sealed container, the particles repeatedly strike the walls of the container. This causes pressure. What happens if you increase the temperature? more pressure gas gets hotter more kinetic energy more collisions at greater speed
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Particles animation

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Pressure(P) and temperature(T)

P T

As long as it is Kelvin temperature

P1/T1 = P2/T2
P pressure (Pascals) T Temperature(K)
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A gas at a pressure of 50 Pa and a temperature of 40K is heated to a temperature of 120K in a sealed container. What is the new pressure of the gas?

P1/T1 = P2/T2 P2= T2(P1/T1) P2= 120x(50/40)

P2= 150 Pa
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A gas at a pressure of 200 Pa and a temperature of 140K is heated to an unknown temperature in a sealed container. The new pressure is 6 000 Pa. What is the new temperature of the gas?

P1/T1 = P2/T2 T2= P2(T1/P1) T2= 6 000x(140/200)

T2= 4 200 Pa
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Einstein
During nuclear reactions mass can be changed into energy. This happens in stars and nuclear reactors, and nuclear fission bombs. The amount of energy produced as mass is changed into energy is given by the formula:

Energy = mass change x (speed of light)2

E = mc2
Energy J Mass Kg Speed of light ms-2
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A mass of 2 Kg is completely converted into energy. The speed of light is 3x108 ms-1. How much energy is released?

E = mc2

E = 2x(3x108)2
E = 1.8 x 1017 J

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Light

Electrons have discrete energy levels

Electrons drop an energy level. Light is emitted/absorbed?

Electrons gain an energy level. Light is emitted/absorbed?

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Electron gun

anodes cathode x-plates

grid y-plates fluorescent screen

Can you label the parts of the gun?

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How does it work?

Electrons strike the fluorescent screen and seen as a spot of light The electrons are attracted to the anodes and accelerated Electron beam passes through the X and Y plates Hot metal filament emits electrons

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KE=QV
You can treat the electron beam as a flow of electrons:

Kinetic energy = Charge x Voltage

KE=QV
Kinetic energy measured in Joules (J) Charge measured in Coulombs (C) Voltage measured in volts (V)

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Formula triangles
Formula triangles help you to rearrange formula. The triangle for the kinetic energy for an electron beam is shown below: Whatever quantity you are trying to find cover it up and it will leave you with the calculation required. So if you were trying to find charge, Q.. you would cover Q up and you are left with the sum

KE

Q = KE V

x
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Formula triangles

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Uses of electron beams?

Oscilloscopes

TV tubes
Electroplating

X ray production

Monitors

Combustion engines

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What are the units of pressure?

A. Metres

B. Joules
C. Newtons

D. Pascals

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What is 225K in Celsius temperature?

A. -48C
B. 48C C. 498C D. -498C

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What is 333C in Kelvin temperature?

A. 606K

B. -606K
C. 60K D. -60K

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A gas at a pressure of 60Pa at a temperature of 50K in a sealed container is compressed to a pressure of 480Pa. What is the new temperature of the gas?

A. 8K
B. 80K

C. 6.2K
D. 400K

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Which of the following is not a use of electron beams?

A. Oscilloscopes B. Monitors C. Spray painting

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D. X ray production