Network Protocols

Transport Protocols

Application Protocols

 IP Routing Protocols - RIP - IGRP - EIGRP - OSPF ARP RARP ICMP

IP- Internet Protocol. IP is the protocol that hides the underlying physical network by creating a virtual network view. It is an unreliable, best-effort and connectionless packet delivery protocol. IPX- Internet Packet Exchange. IPX is a networking protocol used by Novell Netware Operating Systems. It acts as a datagram protocol for Novell just as IP functions for the Internet.

ROUTING PROTOCOLS: RIP - Routing Information Protocol. RIP is a distance-vector protocol (based on the Bellman-Ford algorithm) that allows routers to exchange information about destinations for computing routes throughout the network. Limitations of RIP: Has diameter limitation of 15 hops.

Slow convergence behavior.

IGRP - Interior Gateway Routing Protocol. IGRP is a distance-vector Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) developed by Cisco Systems. IGRP uses a combination of metrics like internetwork delay, bandwidth, reliability, and load, which are factored into the routing decision.

EIGRP - Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol. EIGRP represents an evolution from its predecessor IGRP. Enhanced IGRP integrates the capabilities of link-state protocols into distance-vector protocols by incorporating the Diffusing-Update Algorithm (DUAL).

OSPF - Open Shortest Path First. OSPF is an Internal gateway protocol; it is designed to be used internal to a single Autonomous System. OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that calls for the sending of link-state advertisements (LSAs) to all other routers within the same hierarchical area. All OSPF routers use the SPF (Shortest Path First) algorithm to calculate the shortest path to each node.

ARP - Address Resolution Protocol. In order to map an IP address into a hardware address the computer uses ARP protocol which broadcasts a request message that contains an IP address, to which the target computer replies with both the IP address and the hardware address.

RARP - Reverse Address Resolution Protocol. Reverse ARP, is a simple bootstrapping protocol that allows a workstation to broadcast using its Ethernet address, and expects a server to reply, telling it its IP address.

ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol. The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a special protocol within the IP protocol suite that focuses exclusively on control and management of IP Connections.

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Transmission Control Protocol User Datagram Protocol

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TCP - Transmission Control Protocol. This is a

connection oriented protocol and guarantees

that the messages are delivered in the order in which they are sent. In case of failure, it

informs the entity of the same

TCP provides reliable, full-duplex connections by ensuring that data is resubmitted when transmission results in an error (end-to-end error detection and correction). TCP enables hosts to maintain multiple, simultaneous connections.

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UDP - User Datagram Protocol. This is a connectionless protocol built on top of IP. It does not provide any guarantee on the ordering and on message delivery
If the amount of data being transmitted is small, the overhead of creating connections and ensuring reliable delivery may be greater than the work of retransmitting the entire data set. In this case, UDP is the most efficient choice for a host-to-host transport layer protocol.

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FTP TFTP Telnet SMTP POP3 / POP2

IMAP
MIME DNS NNTP

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HTTP
HTTP-S LDAP SNMP

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FTP - File Transfer Protocol. FTP enables transfer

of text and binary files over a TCP connection. Steps in FTP:
Connect to remote host
Select directory List files available for transfer

Define transfer mode

Copy files to or from remote host Disconnect from remote host

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TFTP - Trivial File Transfer Protocol. TFTP is a simple

way to transfer files and is implemented on UDP. It can only read/write a file to/from a server. It has no provision for user authentication and hence is insecure. SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. This protocol is dedicated for sending email messages originating on a local host over a TCP connection to a remote server.

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TELNET - This protocol provides a standardized interface, through which a program on one host (TELNET client) can access the resources of another host (TELNET server) as though the client were a local terminal connected to the server. POP3 - Post Office Protocol. It consists of a keyword and one or more arguments. It has three states
Authorization state Transaction state Update state

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Internet Message Access Protocol - IMAP4 is an electronic messaging protocol with both client and server functions. Similar to POP, IMAP4 servers store messages for multiple users to be retrieved upon client requests. But IMAP4 clients have more capabilities in doing so than POP clients. The different states are:
Non-authenticated state Authenticated state Selected state Logout state

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Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension. MIME refers

to an official Internet standard that specifies how

messages must be formatted so that they can be exchanged between different email systems. MIME is a very flexible format, permitting one to include virtually any type of file or document in an email message.

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DNS - Domain Name System. The DNS protocol is used to request resource records from name servers.It is used to resolve the IP addresses of a domain name . DNS works on UDP port 53.

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SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol. A simple protocol that defines messages related to network management.
NNTP - Network News Transport Protocol. A protocol used to carry USENET posting between News clients and USENET servers.

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LDAP - Lightweight Directory Access Protocol. LDAP is a protocol for accessing online directory services. It runs directly over TCP, and can be used to access a standalone LDAP directory service or to access a directory service that is back-ended by X.500.

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HTTP - Hyper Text Transport Protocol. A protocol used to transfer hypertext pages across the world wide web.
HTTPS -Secure Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. HTTPS is a communication protocol designed to transfer encrypted information between computers over the World Wide Web. HTTPS is http using a Secure Socket Layer (SSL).

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IBMs proprietary networking architecture OSI model evolved from SNA SNA was designed to integrate IBM and IBM compatible products It is tailored for hierarchically organized networks with host and communication controllers Architecture based on nodes
Host nodes: mainframes and midrange systems Domains: multiple sub-areas Communication controller nodes

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APPN - Advanced Peer to Peer Architecture. This is a transport / network level architecture SAA - System Applied Architecture. This is a derived protocol from APPN NCP - Network Control Program VTAM - Virtual Telecommunication Access Method

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CICS - Customer Information Control System. Its a transaction processing application through the generation of input and output commands
Multi tasking Security File access Storage Management

IMS - Information Management System DDM - Distributed Data Management

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