Unix&Network programming

" Study Of Multiuser Operating System and their Features

Course Instructor University

: K.JAVUBAR SATHICK : BSA University

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Contents to be covered:
Introduction to operating system. Basic concepts of Unix Operating system.
What is Unix .... What is meant by Kernel? What is meant by Shell Programming? File system, Utilities and tools Applications Features of Unix Os

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Introduction to Operating System.

An operating system is software that acts as an interface between the user

and the computer hardware.

It controls and co-ordinates the internal activities of the computer and provides user interface. This interface enables the users to utilize the computer resources very efficiently.

It also acts as a resource provider to run a particular application with ease

by proper synchronization with different GUIs.

The work is carried out in proper order without too many congestion.

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Basic concepts of Unix

UNIX operating system is written in C language, which makes it easy to

read, understand, update and port to other machines.

UNIX operating systems is like a layer between the hardware and the applications that run on the computer. executing applications.

It has functions that manage the hardware and functions that manage

It is run through using Command which is acting as system call to execute

the process.
It is a multiuser operating system which is managed by a administrator who

is referred as Root User

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Basic concepts of Unix

The part of UNIX that manages the hardware and the executing processes

is called the KERNEL.

In managing all hardware devices, the UNIX system views each device as a file called a device file. It implements security controls to protect the safety and privacy of information. In executing processes, the UNIX system allocates resources including use of the CPU and mediates accesses to the hardware.

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Basic concepts of Unix

One important advantage of the UNIX standard interface is application

portability.

Application portability is the ability of a single application to be executed on various types of computer hardware without being modified this can be achieved if the application uses the UNIX interface to manage its hardware needs. UNIXs layered design insulates the application from the different types of hardware. This allows the software developer to support the single application on multiple hardware types with minimal effort.

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Kernel(Core part of any Os)

The UNIX operating system is commonly called the kernel. It provides an interface for all other UNIX programs to use the hardware resources. This concept allows the higher level programs to be hardware independent. Whenever you log in to UNIX, you communicate with the kernel via shell program. It does not make itself available for the end user.

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Kernel(Core part of any Os)

The kernel provides the basic services such as system initialization. process management. memory management. file system management. communication facilities. and programming interface through system calls. So kernel obviously acting as a core part operating system.

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Shell(Command-Line Interpreter)
The shell is a utility program that acts as a command interpreter. It is the primary interface to the kernel.

The shell is a command language and a programming language.

As a command language, it can be used to communicate interactively with the kernel. As a programming language, user can write shell script to solve simple to complex problems.

Different types of shell are as follows,

1.Bourne shell ,2.Bourne-again shell, 3.Cshell , 4.Korn shell, 5.TENEX C shell

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File System

A file system is a group of files containing relevant information regarding it. The UNIX file system is laid out as a hierarchical tree structure, which is anchored at a special top-level directory known as the root. only one parent directory.

Because of the tree structure, a directory can have many child directories, but

Everything in UNIX can be represented by a file such as directories, device drivers etc.

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Utilities/Tools

Utilities are program that perform a variety of task under the UNIX OS. They do not form a part of operating system but use the facilities provided both by the shell and the kernel.

There are more than 400 tools available with the UNIX system.
They include an electronic mail system, graphic tools, program development environment and tools for writing better English-like spell, compiler of C, FORTRAN, COBAL, ADA, MODULA II and LISP.

The available text editor are like sed and vi ed.

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Application
Applications programs are more complex than utilities and can do several

different tasks.

The application software can be either user written or vendor supplied. 1-2-3 and FOXPRO.

Some of applications for UNIX-based systems are Word Perfect, Payroll, Lotus

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Structure Unix System

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Features Of Unix Operating System

Multitasking

Multitasking refers to OS that executes multiple tasks simultaneously.

UNIX refers to a task as a process. A user can run several commands in background while executing another in the foreground. When a background task is being executing, user can continue doing another task e.g., printing a large document can be performed in the background while editing some other document in the foreground.

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Features Of Unix Operating System

Multi-user OS Multi-user refers to an OS that allows multiple users to use the system

simultaneously.
The theory of multi-user system is to approach 100% computer utilization

while reducing the cost per user.

A single user cannot use the printer, disk, memory or CPU 100% of the time. But multiple users can increases the use of these devices and resources by having an OS that manages the resources for them.

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Features Of Unix Operating System

Portability

UNIX is highly portability is the ability of the software operating on one machine to operating as efficiently on another, different machine.

Job Control

Job Control on UNIX refers to the ability to control which job is executed in the

foreground, background or is suspended.

Using Job control can increase the productivity of a user by allowing multiple tasks to be juggled back and forth between background, foreground and suspended states.

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Features Of Unix Operating System

Hierarchical Structure UNIX uses a hierarchical structure to store and maintain files. This structure

allows maximum flexibility for storing information to resemble its real life structure. Multiple users may be grouped by corporate departments
The UNIX Shell The shell is a very powerful and dynamic UNIX utility. It is the primary interface

to the OS (kernel). It can be interactively programmed or it can be used to write scripts to solve simple to complex problem.
Pipes and Filters Pipes and filters contribute to the power of UNIX. These enable several

commands or utilities to be combined to perform complex functions.

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Features Of Unix Operating System

Device Independence UNIX system considers all devices connected to it as files. It hides the machine

architecture from the users, making it easier to write programs that run on different hardware implementations.

System Security user without permission i.e., Invalid users cannot access data, making it easier to write programs that run on different hardware implementations.

Being a multi-user OS, UNIX offers protection to one users information from the

Communication The UNIX system has several built in programs, enabling the user to communicate, transfer files across different UNIX systems and between UNIX and other OS system.
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Features Of Unix Operating System

Programming Capability UNIX is a highly programmable operating system. UNIX facilities the user to develop both system and application programs. Programming in UNIX is of two types they are Shell programming and

Programming in language (Like C, C++, Java, etc).

The programs written in shells are called as Shell files

The command statements in the programs are called as shell Script.

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