Fakulti Senibina Perancangan dan Ukur

AP776-SSN Pengurusan Projek Pembinaan Bersepadu

CDMA
Steven Ari Agustino 2006144315

Contents
Definition History How does CDMA works Advantages Coverage

Definition of CDMA
Short for Code-Division Multiple Access, a digital cellular technology that uses spread-spectrum techniques. Unlike competing systems, such as GSM, CDMA does not assign a specific frequency to each user. Instead, every channel uses the full available spectrum. Individual conversations are encoded with a pseudo-random digital sequence. CDMA consistently provides better capacity for voice and data communications than other commercial mobile technologies, allowing more subscribers to connect at any given time, and it is the common platform on which 3G technologies are built.

History of CDMA
CDMA is a military technology first used during World War II by English allies to foil German attempts at jamming transmissions. The allies decided to transmit over several frequencies, instead of one, making it difficult for the Germans to pick up the complete signal. Because Qualcomm created communications chips for CDMA technology, it was privy to the classified information. Once the information became public, Qualcomm claimed patents on the technology and became the first to commercialize it.

Enabling the Wireless Industry Quick Facts Next-generation wireless communications is emerging as the most important technology of this millennium. To ensure that the entire wireless industry is inspired and continues to evolve, innovate and experience success, QUALCOMM develops its technologies and solutions for the purpose of enabling key participants in the wireless value chain. By partnering with and acting as an enabler to the business activities of these participants, QUALCOMM ultimately enables consumers, professionals and government entities the end users who benefit from the success of the wireless industry today and into tomorrow. http://www.qualcomm.com
Founded in 1985 FORTUNE 500 Company NASDAQ Symbol: QCOM Approximately 5,700 U.S. patents and patent applications of CDMA and related technologies including WCDMA Member of the S&P 500 Index "100 Best Managed Companies" Industry Week "100 Best Companies to Work for in America" FORTUNE ISO 9001:2000 certified

CDMA Scheme

 Communication between base stations and mobile stations is established by a negotiation upon call origination. Once communication is established between base and mobile, movement of the mobile is detected and the service is handed over from one base station to another. One cell at a time services each mobile in the narrowband services. The concept of handoff is extended to a multi-way simultaneous "soft" handoff in the CDMA standards.

CDMA Advantages
When implemented in a cellular network, CDMA technology offers numerous benefits to the cellular operators and their subscribers: Capacity increases of 8 to 10 times that of an AMPS analog system and 4 to 5 times that of a GSM system Improved call quality, with better and more consistent sound as compared to AMPS systems Simplified system planning through the use of the same frequency in every sector of every cell Enhanced privacy Improved coverage characteristics, allowing for the possibility of fewer cell sites Increased talk time for portables Bandwidth on demand

Coverage
The size of a given cell depends on the power of the signal transmitted by the handset, the terrain, and the radio frequency being used. Various algorithms can reduce the noise introduced by variations in terrain, but require extra information be sent to validate the transfer. Hence, the radio frequency and power of the handset effectively determine the cell size. Long wavelengths need less energy to travel a given distance vs. short wavelengths, so lower frequencies generally result in greater coverage while higher frequencies result in shorter coverage. These characteristics are used by mobile network planners in determining the size and placement of the cells in the network. In cities, many small cells are needed; the use of high frequencies allows sites to be placed more-closely together, with more subscribers provided service. In rural areas with a lower density of subscribers, use of lower frequencies allows each site to provide broader coverage. Various companies use different variants of CDMA to provide fixed-line networks using Wireless local loop (WLL) technology. Since they can plan with a specific number of subscribers per cell in mind, and these are all stationary, this application of CDMA can be found in most parts of the world. CDMA is suited for data transfer with bursty behaviour and where delays can be accepted. It is therefore used in Wireless LAN applications; the cell size here is 500 feet because of the high frequency (2.4 GHz) and low power. The suitability for data transfer is the reason for why W-CDMA seems to be "winning technology" for the data portion of third-generation (3G) mobile cellular networks.

 Facilities:
WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) SMS Internet line (153 Kbps) Video Conference (Streaming) Mobile TV

Why choose CDMA

Although wireless is ideal for providing voice and data services in emerging markets, not all wireless technologies Provide the same benefits. When selecting a wireless technology, operators and governments should take a long-term view of how their markets telecommunication needs will evolve, and evaluate key commercial and technical aspects, including: Voice: Reliable, clear and ubiquitous access to a carrier-grade telephony service is the most essential element of any wireless technology. Broadband data: High-speed Internet access, large file transfers, multimedia, broadcast video And Web cams are increasingly important tools for supporting business, health, education and safety within emerging markets. Coverage, capacity and scalability: In sparsely populated areas, each base station should have a range of tens of kilometers in order to reduce the number of cell sites and backhaul connection. This network efficiency means that the network can serve as many people as possible at the lowest possible cost. In densely populated urban areas, the wireless technology should be highly scalable so that capacity can be easily and cost-effectively added to accommodate growth in voice and data usage. Flexibility: The technology should support a wide variety of environments and installations, such as fixed wireless, wireless local loop (WLL) and full mobility in dense urban and rural areas. Economics: Reducing the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO), which includes infrastructure investments (capex), operating costs (opex) and handset prices is of great importance to developing markets. This requirement is due to the fact that the Average Revenue Per User (ARPU) is significantly lower than in developed markets and because there are limited financial resources available in these markets for building and operating networks. Therefore, technologies with higher capacity, network efficiencies and a global cost structure have a favorable TCO for these markets.

Why choose CDMA

Device selection: A wide selection of affordable devices is necessary to address the entire emerging market segment. The range of devices should cater to different user needs and support a broad range of applications, ranging from entry-level phones for pricesensitive markets to PC cards for broadband connectivity. Clear evolution path: A clearly defined, long-term technology roadmap with backward compatibility protects the investments of the service providers and their investors. This requirement highlights a key difference between 3G and 2G, which is rapidly approaching obsolescence and thus will have to be replaced by 3G systems over the next few years. Multiple spectrum options: Wireless spectrum allocations vary from country to country. In order to offer a global cost structure, the wireless technology should be available at a variety of frequencies. Spectral flexibility is also key when building networks for sparsely populated areas. For example, the 450 MHz and 800 MHz bands are ideal for covering large geographic areas because signals travel farther than at higher frequencies, such as 2100 MHz.

Proven technology:

A wireless technology is considered proven or mature once there are more than 10 million subscribers using it in hundreds of commercial deployments worldwide. This adoption ensures that the technology is capable of providing the reliability that businesses, schools and government agencies expect and require. Thats why 3G technologies such as CDMA2000 have a significant advantage compared to other broadband wireless access solutions such as mobile WiMAX that are still being developed and which have yet to be proven in the marketplace.

Future of CDMA
CDMA2000
Offers high capacity, high quality circuit switched voice communications, so operators can provide basic telephony services at an affordable price. CDMA2000, with its enhanced all-IP functionality, is the most advanced mobile broadband technology commercially available todayit provides faster than DSL access to Internet-based services and will enable operators to offer VoIP and next-generation converged communication services in the future.

Future of CDMA
Optical CDMA Recently, CDMA has been also investigated to be employed in optical communication networks, especially in local access network (LAN). Current optical CDMA (O-CDMA) technques fall into two categories, coherent and incoherent OCDMA. In incoherent O-CDMA, unipolar codes (0, 1) are used to modulate the power of optical signals. In coherent O-CDMA, bipolar (-1, 1) or multilevel codes are used to modulate the field of optical signals

Application
Telkom Flexi Esia Fren (Mobile 8)

PT.TELKOM Indonesia tbk

PT. TELKOM Indonesia tbk. sebagai sebuah perusahaan telekomunikasi terkemuka di Indonesia yang menyediakan layanan baru dengan teknologi terkini yaitu CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access). CDMA adalah teknologi akses voice dan data, dimana setiap user menggunakan code tersendiri yang unik dalam mengakses kanal frekuensi yang sama dalam sebuah sistem. Pada CDMA, sinyal informasi pada transmitter dicoding dan disebar dengan bandwidth sebesar 1.25 MHz (spread spectrum), kemudian pada sisi receiver dilakukan decoding sehingga didapatkan sinyal informasi yang dibutuhkan. PT TELKOM Indonesia tbk. melalui Divisi Fixed Wireless akan memanfaatkan CDMA sebagai telepon fixed wireless digital yang digunakan sebagai telepon rumah (fixed phone) dan telepon bergerak (mobility). Layanan fixed wireless berbasis CDMA diberi brand " TELKOMFlexi " sebagai telepon bergerak terbatas dalam satu area code, hal ini dimungkinkan karena " TELKOMFlexi " memiliki fitur limited mobility. Para pakar teknologi telepon seluler sepakat bahwa kecanggihan CDMA jauh melebihi GSM yang sekarang ini banyak dipergunakan oleh operator telepon seluler di Indonesia. Para pelaku bisnis telepon seluler (hand phone) memperkirakan bahwa " TELKOMFlexi " mendapat sambutan positif masyarakat mengingat tarifnya jauh berada dibawah GSM karena biaya investasinya sangat murah. Tentu saja, kehadiran " TELKOMFlexi " membuat lega calon pelanggan telepon yang sudah lama mendambakan telepon hemat maupun pelanggan ponsel yang mendambakan telepon seluler alternatif. Copyright 2004 PT. TELEKOMUNIKASI INDONESIA, Tbk.

Esia (Bakrie Telekom)

Coverage Area (Jakarta)

Fren memberikan wilayah layanan lokal yang luas saat melakukan panggilan dan bebas dari biaya roaming saat kamu berada di luar kota. Pembagian wilayah lokal yang luas saat melakukan panggilan terbagi atas 4 wilayah lokal seperti yang kamu lihat pada peta. Pada saat melakukan panggilan dengan ponsel Fren ke ponsel lain di dalam satu wilayah lokal, tarif yang berlaku adalah tarif lokal, yang akan mengefektifkan biaya komunikasimu.

Asyiknya lagi, kemanapun kamu pergi, tidak perlu khawatir lagi untuk terima banyak telepon saat berada di luar kota, karena kamu bisa menikmati Free Roaming di seluruh wilayah layanan Fren tanpa memperhitungkan pembagian wilayah layanan.