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11th edition
Chapter 7
The Skeleton:
Bones and Joints
Copyright 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The Skeleton
Skeletal system is made up of bones, joints, and supporting connective tissue
Bones
Several functions To serve as a firm framework for the body To protect delicate structures such as the brain and spinal cord To work as levers to produce movement To store calcium salts
Bone Structure
Types of bone (osseous) tissue Compact bone Spongy (cancellous) bone Bone marrow Red marrow Yellow marrow Bone membranes Periosteum Endosteum
The skeleton.
Checkpoint 7-1: A long bone has a long narrow shaft and two irregular ends. What are the scientific names for the shaft and the ends of a long bone? Checkpoint 7-2: What are the two types of osseus (bone) tissue and where is each type found?
Checkpoint 7-3: What are the three types of cells found in bone and what is the role of each?
Answer: a. osteoblast
Checkpoint 7-4: As the embryonic skeleton is converted from cartilage to bone, the intercellular matrix becomes hardened. What compounds are deposited in the matrix to harden it? Checkpoint 7-5: After birth, long bones continue to grow in length at secondary centers. What are these centers called?
Bone Markings
Distinguishing features Projections Head Process Condyle Crest Spine Foramen
Depressions or holes
Sinus
Fossa Meatus
Checkpoint 7-6: Bones have a number of projections, depressions, and holes. What are some functions of these markings?
Nasal
Lacrimal Vomer Palatine
Question:
What bones make up the cheekbones?
The skull.
ZOOMING IN What type of joint is between bones of the skull?
The skull, inferior view. ZOOMING IN What two bones make up each side of the hard palate?
What is a foramen?
Cervical vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae Sacral vertebrae (sacrum) Coccygeal vertebrae (coccyx)
ZOOMING IN
To what bones do the costal cartilages attach?
Checkpoint 7-7: The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the skull and the trunk. What bones make up the skeleton of the trunk? Checkpoint 7-8: What are the five regions of the vertebral column?
Metacarpal bones
Phalanges (finger bones)
Question:
Where is the olecranon?
a. On the proximal end of the ulna b. On the proximal end of the humerus c. On the distal end of the radius
The shoulder girdle and scapula. ZOOMING IN What does the prefix supra mean? What does the prefix infra mean?
Copyright 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Question: What is the anatomic term for fingers and toes? a. tarsals b. phalanges c. carpals
Answer: b. phalanges
Acetabulum
Obturator foramen Ossa coxae
The pelvic bones. ZOOMING IN What bone is nicknamed the sit bone?
Copyright 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Checkpoint 7-9: What division of the skeleton consists of the bones of the shoulder girdle, hip, and extremities?
Disorders of Bone
Metabolic diseases Tumors Infections Structural problems
Metabolic Disorders
Characterized by a lack of normal bone formation or excess loss of bone tissue Osteoporosis
Osteopenia
Pagets disease (osteitis deformans) Osteomalacia (in children, rickets)
Tumors
Two types found in bone tissue Benign Malignant Osteosarcomas Chondrosarcomas
Infection
Two types found in bone tissue Osteomyelitis Inflammation of the bone caused by pyogenic bacteria Tuberculosis Pott disease (tuberculosis of the spine)
Structural Disorders
Curvatures of the spine Kyphosis (hunchback) Lordosis (swayback) Scoliosis Cleft palate Flatfoot
Fractures
Types of fractures Closed Open
Greenstick
Impacted Comminuted Spiral Transverse Oblique
Question: This type of bone fracture, in which one side of the bone is bent, the other broken, is most common in children. What is it? a. comminuted b. spiral c. greenstick
Answer: c. greenstick
The Joints
Classified by material between adjoining bones and by degree of movement permitted Fibrous
Synarthrosis (immovable)
Cartilaginous Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable) Synovial Diarthrosis (freely movable)
Checkpoint 7-10: What are the three types of joints classified according to the type of material between the adjoining bones?
Question:
What type of joint is your elbow?
Eversion
Dorsiflexion Plantar flexion
Question: Doing Jumping Jacks exercises is a perfect example of what synovial joint movement(s)? a. flexion/extension b. abduction/adduction c. inversion/eversion
Answer: b. abduction/adduction
Disorders of Joints
Mechanical disorders
Dislocation
Sprain
Rheumatoid arthritis
Septic (infectious) arthritis Gout Vertebrae diseases
Backache
End of Presentation