Nervous System

Chapter 9
Spinal Cord & Spinal Nerves

Nervous system
Chief coordinator for all organ systems Effectorsmuscles or glands that receive commands from nervous system

Nervous System
Structural Divisions
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain Spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Cranial nerves Spinal nerves All other nerves

 Functional Divisions
Somatic nervous system
Voluntary control

Autonomic nervous system (visceral n.s.)

Sympathetic Parasympathetic

Neuron
DendritesAre receptors for nerve impulses Axoncarries impulses away from the cell body Myelin sheathprotects axon fiber, produced by Schwann cells in PNS, between myelin, are nodes of Ranvier

Neurons
Sensory neurons (afferent)-carry signals to brain Motor neurons (efferent)-carry signals away from brain Interneurons-relay information within CNS

Nerves
Sensory nerves Motor nerves Mixed nerves

Nerve structure
Endoneurium
Around fibers (axons)

Perineurium
Around fascicles

Epineurium
Around entire nerve

Same as muscle but with neur instead of mys

Nerve impulse
Nerves send signals via action potentials An action potential occurs when the charge shifts between the inside and outside of the fibers.

Action Potential
Na+ ions outside the axon and K+ ions inside the axon Na+ ions transported inside, creating large positive charge on inside of the axon, triggering the same transporters further down the axon K+ ions transported out, returning the charge to resting state Saltatory conduction: this depolarization occurs at the nodes along the myelin sheath

Synapses
Synapse junction between a nerve cell and another cell
Presynaptic cell Postsynaptic cell Synaptic cleft Neurotransmitter Receptors

Synapses
Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine Adrenaline (epinephrine) Norepinephrine Signals cease by:
Diffusion away from synapse Enzymatic breakdown of neurotransmitter (acetylcholinesterase) Reuptake

Electrical impulses
Direct continuation of action potential allowing rapid and coordinated communication Cardiac, smooth muscle

Spinal cord
Connects PNS to brain Central gray matter surrounded by white matter H formed from ventral and dorsal horns

Spinal Cord
Ascending tracts nerve fibers carrying signals to the brain Descending tracts nerve fibers carrying signals away from the brain

Spinal Cord
Reflex arc
1. Receptor 2. Sensory neuron 3. CNS 4. Motor neuron 5. Effector

Spinal Cord
Spinal nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves Attached to spinal cord via dorsal root and ventral root Dorsal root ganglion (sensory neuron bodies)

Spinal Cord
Spinal nerves
Ventral root motor (efferent) nerve fibers Dorsal root sensory (afferent) nerve fibers

Spinal Cord
Dermatomes

Autonomic Nervous System

Sympathetic Parasympathetic

Autonomic Nervous System

Sympathetic
Motor neurons originate in spinal cord in thoracic and lumbar regions Preganglionic Synapse with Postganglionic motor neurons found in ganglia Neurotransmitters epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine Adrenergic

Autonomic Nervous System

Parasympathetic
Motor neurons originate in brain stem and sacral region of spinal cord Synapse with postganglionic neurons near walls of effector organs Terminal Ganglia Neurotransmitters acetylcholine Cholinergic

Autonomic Nervous System

Sympathetic Nervous system involved in initiating fight or flight response
Increase in rate and force of heart contractions Increase in blood pressure Dilation of blood vessels to skeletal muscles Dilation of bronchial tubes Stimulation of adrenal medulla Dilation of pupil

Decreases action of unneeded systems (urinary, digestive) Parasymathetic nervous system works in reverse

Chapter 10
The Brain

Brain
Cerebrum Diencephalon Brain stem Cerebellum

Brain
Meninges
Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater

Brain
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Circulates in & around brain Carries nutrients, absorbs shock

Ventricles
Choroid plexus forms CSF

Brain
______ ______ ______

______ ______

______ ______

______
______

Cerebrum
Cerebral Hemispheres
Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Temporal lobe Occipital lobe

Cerebrum
Cerebral Cortex
Gray matter Conscious thought, reasoning, abstract ideas

Gyri / gyrus -protruding portions Sulci / sulcus -grooves

Central sulcusbewteen frontal & parietal lobes Lateral sulcusbetween temporal & f & p lobes

Cerebrum
Inner portion of brain = mostly white matter
*white matter = myelinated axons Communication b/w areas of brain

Some areas of gray matter within white matter

Basal nuclei / basal ganglia Work with cerebral cortex coordinating body movement, facial expression

Cerebrum
Corpus collosum at bottom of longitudinal fissure, allows communication b/w hemispheres Internal capsule myelinated fibers carrying signals from cerebrum to brain stem

Cerebrum
Functions of lobes Frontal
Precentral gyrus contains the primary motor area

Parietal
Postcentral gyrus contains the primary sensory area

Homunculus

Cerebrum

Cerebrum

Cerebrum
Temporal
Olfactory area Auditory areas
Auditory receiving area Auditory association area Wernickes area

Occipital
Visual receiving area Visual association area

Cerebrum
Frontal (again)
Brocas area

Diencephalon
Diencephalon contains the
Thalamus hypothalamus

 Thalamus sorts incoming sensory impulses, send to particular region of cerebral cortex Hypothalamus controls body temperature, water balance, sleep, appetite, emotions such as fear and pleasure, pituitary gland

Brain Stem
Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata

Brain Stem
Midbrain
Contains four centers of gray matter responsible for eye and ear reflexes Contains white matter for conducting impulses from higher centers in cerebrum to lower centers in pons, medulla, & cerebellum Cranial nerves III-IV originate here

Brain Stem
Pons
Largely white matter, connects cerebrum with brain stem & spinal cord Respiration reflex regulation occurs here Cranial nerves V-VIII originate here

Brain Stem
Medulla oblongata
Externally white matter, internally gray matter Nuclei in gray matter serve as
Respiratory center
Controls respiratory muscles

Cardiac center
Regulate rate & force

Vasomotor center
Controls smooth muscle in blood vessels

Nerve tracts decussate here (criss-cross) contralateral control Cranial nerves IX-XII originate here

Cerebellum

Cerebellum
Outer gray matter, inner white matter (arbor vitae) Vermis & Two hemispheres

Cerebellum
Outer gray matter, inner gray matter (arbor vitae)

Cerebellum
Coordinates voluntary muscles ensuring smooth function Maintains balance standing, walking, & sitting Maintains muscle tone to ready for full muscle contraction

Brain Disorders
Meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges, caused by bacterial infection

Encephalitis
Inflammation of the brain, usually caused by viral infection

Brain Disorders
Hydrocephalus
Accumulation of CSF in ventricles puts pressure on the cerebrum, destroying brain tissue

Stroke / cerebrovascular accident

Blood clot or vessel rupture resulting in brain tissue damage

Brain Disorders
Aphasia
Receptive (loss of ability to understand) or expressive (loss of ability to speak or write)

Cerebral palsy
Brain damage during or before birth resulting in muscular weakness or paralysis

Brain Disorders
Epilepsy
Disorder in the brains electrical activity Seizures characteristic of epilepsy

Brain Disorders
Alzheimer disease
Degeneration of cerebral cortex and hippocampus Memory loss followed by mood changes, confusion

Brain Disorders
Multi-infarct dementia
Accumulated brain damage (usually from many small strokes) causing a short blood supply to the brain, resulting in loss of memory, judgment, cognitive function

Brain Disorders
Parkinson disease
Cell death in brain in the part that produces the neurotransmitter dopamine. Results in overactivity of basal nuclei, which control voluntary movement

Cranial Nerves
12 pairs of cranial nerves OOOTTAFVGVAH

Cranial Nerves
I. Olfactory II. Optic III. Oculomotor IV. Trochlear V. Trigeminal VI. Abducens VII. Facial Nerve VIII. Vestibulocochlear IX. Glossopharyngeal X. Vagus XI. Accessory XII. Hypoglossal

Cranial Nerves
Olfactory smell impulses from nose to brain Optic visual impulses from eye to brain Oculomotor controls eye muscles/movement

Cranial Nerves
Trochlear controls only one eye muscle Trigeminal 3 branches of sensory nerves for the face and head. Also chewing. Abducens also controls only one eye muscle

Cranial Nerves
Facial muscles of facial expression. Also taste, salivary, and tear glands. Vestibulocochlear hearing and equilibrium impulses from ear to brain. Glossopharyngeal sensory impulses from tongue and pharynx. Also swallowing.

Cranial Nerves
Vagus Supplies organs in the abdominal and thoracic cavities. Also, larynx & pharynx. Accessory Trapezius and sternocleidomastoid. Also, larynx. Hypoglossal controls tongue muscles

1. What is the outer most meningeal layer?

2. The cerebral cortex is composed of: white matter; or gray matter

3. The precentral gyrus contains the: primary motor area primary sensory area

4. What structure in the brain controls body temperature, water balance, sleep, appetite, emotions such as fear and pleasure, and the pituitary gland?

5. Encephalitis is the inflammation of what?

6. Excess accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles causes: Alzheimers disease Parkinsons disease Hydrocephaly

7. What part of the brain contains white matter in the shape of a tree, called the arbor vitae?

8. How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

9. Name one cranial nerve that serves the eye.

10. Name any other cranial nerve.