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Plants Use Photosynthesis as a Source of Carbohydrates

Green plants and algae have chlorophyll, a multiringed compound that contains magnesium.

Animals Consume Carbohydrates as a Source of Energy

Carbohydrates, such as the starch found in this baked potato, are the main energy source for most humans

The formation of four sp3 hybrid orbitals by combination of an atomic s orbital with three atomic p orbitals. Each sp3 hybrid orbital has two lobes, one of which is larger than the other. The four large lobes are oriented toward the corners of a tetrahedron at angles of 109.5.

The formation of sp2 hybrid orbitals by combination of one s orbital and two p orbitals. The three hybrids lie in a plane at angles of 120 to one another. One unhybridized p orbital remains, oriented at a 90 angle to the plane of the sp2 orbitals.

The combination of one s and one p orbital gives two sp hybrid orbitals oriented 180 apart. Two unhybridized p orbitals remain and are oriented at 90 angles to the sp hybrids.

The s orbital adds to one lobe of the p orbital and subtracts from the other lobe of the p orbital.

An s orbital and three p orbitals hybridize to form four sp3 orbitals. An sp3 orbital is more stable than a p orbital, but not as stable as an s orbital.

(a) The four sp3 orbitals are directed toward the corners of a tetrahedron, causing each bond angle to be 109.5. (b) An orbital picture of methane, showing the overlap of each sp3 orbital of carbon with the s orbital of a hydrogen. (For clarity, the smaller lobes of the sp3 orbitals are not shown.)

An hybridized sp2 carbon. The three degenerate sp2 orbitals lie in a plane. The unhybridized p orbital is perpendicular to the plane. (The smaller lobes of the sp2 orbitals are not shown.)

An sp hybridized carbon. The two sp orbitals are oriented 180 away from each other, perpendicular to the two unhybridized p orbitals. (The smaller lobes of the sp orbitals are not shown.)

Tetracycline is called a broad-spectrum antibiotic because it is active against a wide variety of bacteria. How many asymmetric carbons does tetracycline have?

Coffee, for example, is a familiar source of caffeine. Tea contains both caffeine and theobromine.

For a nasty taste, we should mention bittering agents, put into dangerous household substances like toilet cleaner to stop children eating them by accident. Notice that this complex organic compound is actually a saltit has positively charged nitrogen and negatively charged oxygen atoms and this makes it soluble in water.

A typical perfume will contain 510% fragrances in an ethanol/water (about 90:10) mixture.

Chemists produce synthetic flavourings such as smoky bacon and even chocolate. Meaty flavours come from simple heterocycles such as alkyl pyrazines (present in coffee as well as roast meat) and furonol, originally found in pineapples. Compounds such as corylone and maltol give caramel and meaty flavours. Mixtures of these and other synthetic compounds can be tuned to taste like many roasted foods from fresh bread to coffee and barbecued meat.

Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, Nuprin): an anti-inflammatory agent

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