ATTRIBUTIONAL PROCESS

INTERNALITY AND OPTIMISM

 Significance of internality for personal effectiveness Various ways of developing internality Optimism and pessimism How rumination affects individuals and how flow can be achieved

THIS CHAPTER COVERS

 Does the individual shape the environment or is it the other way around? Locus of control Rotter

Internals and Externals

Casual Attribution Weiner Locus of control + Stability-variability In its early stage, research has just begun

A BRIEF INTRODUCTION

Internality-Externality

Internal
Stability Variability Stable Variable Ability Effort

External
Task difficulty Luck

Weibers Remarks :
Success is attributed to internal variable factor : Effort Failure is attributed to variable factors : Effort and Luck

A BRIEF INTRODUCTION

 Internality - General orientation based on the belief that a person causes most phenomena experienced himself
Can range from Paranoid, delusions or manias to selfdetermination Four dimensions of internality
Personal Personal Group Group | | | | Stability Variable Stable Variable

INTERNALITY-EXTERNALITY

 Externality : success or failure, because of some external force

Locus and Attribution
Personal Personal Group Group Human Human Non-Human Non-human Stable Variable Stable Variable Stable Variable Stable Variable

Determinant
Internality with Stability Ability Effort Race/cast Group Effort Externality with Stability Social Effort Others Fate Luck/Chance

Resultant Mode
Superman ship Self-determination Super-racism Social determination Role playing Compliance Fatalism Probablism

INTERNALITY-EXTERNALITY

| PAST AND FUTURE | What do people attribute their past experiences ? What do people expect from their future ?

INTERNALITY AND TIME PERSPECTIVE

| AUTHORITARIANISM |
| FATALISM | | RELIGIOSITY | | ACTIVISM |

FOUR ATTRIBUTIONAL MODES OF THE DIMENSIONS OF INTERNALTY AND EXTERNALITY

Internality is a major human weapon to live a meaningful and appropriate life.

The cost of externality is very high for the individual as well as society.
Fortunately human beings are ingenious in creating the ways of internality even within the worst circumstances.

COST OF EXTERNALITY

 Internals who perceive personal stable factors (lack of ability) or even personal variable factors (lack of effort) are responsible for their failure may become self punitive. It may be difficult for achievers to accept things can go wrong under their management.

COST OF INTERNALITY

 Clear conclusion is yet to be derived, Lefcourt summarized a few:

Learning Perseverance Predictability of outcome High achievement motivation Developing ethical norms Internality and mental health Organizational behaviour

CONSEQUENCES OF INTERNALITY

 Internal Learning involves:

Consistency in context Curiosity Eagerness to new information Processing information faster

LEARNING

 Positive relation between perseverance and internality

More time spent at work looking for involvements in difficult and complex tasks Willingness to defer immediate gratifications

PERSEVERANCE

 Internals can predict better about the future outcomes

Rely on predictions and put efforts for distant goal

PREDICTABILITY OF OUTCOME

 nAch people are moderate risk takers

Internality helps preferring moderate risk.

HIGH ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION

 Awareness of ones values Willingness to declare those values in public Adhere to values in spite of external pressure

DEVELOPING ETHICAL NORMS

 Neurotic and psychotic symptoms are negatively related to internal people

Internals dont suffer from schizophrenia depression

INTERNALITY AND MENTAL HEALTH

Internals have higher job satisfactions Satisfied with participatory management style Working hard leads to good performance Good performance leads to rewards

ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR