Dynamic Routing Protocols Dynamic Routing

Routed Protocols vs. Routing Protocols

Autonomous Systems

An autonomous system (AS) is a collection of networks under a common

administration sharing a common routing strategy.

To the outside world, an AS is viewed as a single entity. The AS may be run by

one or more operators while presenting a consistent view of routing to the external world.

The American Registry of Internet Numbers (ARIN), a service provider, or an

administrator assigns an identifying number to each AS.

Autonomous Systems (Domain Process)

Notice ! This is not the same as an AS number used by ISPs!Routing

protocols, such as Ciscos IGRP, require assignment of a unique, autonomous system number.

Routing Protocols

The goal of a routing protocol is to build and maintain the routing table. This table contains the learned networks and associated ports for those
networks.

Routers use routing protocols to manage information received from other

routers, information learned from the configuration of its own interfaces, along with manually configured routes.

Types of Routing Protocols

Distance Vector: RIP, IGRP, EIGRP Link State: OSPF, IS-IS

Path Vector: BGP

Note: IGRP and EIGRP are Cisco Proprietary

Distance Vector Routing Protocols

Router B receives information from Router A. Router B adds a distance vector number (such as a number of hops), which increases the distance vector. Then Router B passes this new routing table to its other neighbor, Router C. This same step-by-step process occurs in all directions between neighbor routers.

Routing by rumor Each router receives a routing table from its directly
connected neighbor routers.

Distance Vector Routing Protocols

Routing Update
RTA Network W Network X RTB Network Y RTC Network Z

Routing Update
Net.HopsNext-hop-add W 1 RTA X 1 RTA

Routing Update
Net.HopsNext-hop-add X 1 RTB Y 1 RTB

Routing Update
Net.HopsNext-hop-add Y 1 RTC Z 1 RTC

Routing Table
(Distance) (Vector) Net. Hops Exit-int. W 0 <-X 0 --> Y 1 RTB

Routing Table
(Distance) (Vector) Net. Hops Exit-int. X 0 <-Y 0 --> W 1 RTA Z 1 RTC

Routing Table
(Distance) (Vector) Net. Hops Exit-int. Y 0 <-Z 0 --> X 1 RTB

Network W

RTA

Network X

RTB

Network Y

RTC

Network Z

Routing Table (Distance) (Vector) Net. Hops Exit-int. W 0 <-X 0 --> Y 1 RTB Z 2 RTB

Routing Table (Distance) (Vector) Net. Hops Exit-int. X 0 <-Y 0 --> W 1 RTA Z 1 RTC

Routing Table (Distance) (Vector) Net. Hops Exit-int. Y 0 <-Z 0 --> X 1 RTB W 2 RTB

Convergence!

Distance Vector Algorithm

Distance vector algorithms

(also known as Bellman-Ford algorithms) call for each router to send all or some portion of its routing table only to its neighbors. Distance vector algorithms perform routing decisions based upon information provided by neighboring routers. Distance vector protocols use fewer system resources but can suffer from slow convergence and may use metrics that do not scale well to larger systems.

Link State Algorithm

Link-state algorithms (also known as shortest path first algorithms)

flood routing information to all routers in the internetwork that creates a map of the entire network.

They converge more quickly than distance vector protocols, link-state

algorithms are less prone to routing loops.

Routing Protocol Metrics (costs)

RIP Hop Count IGRP and EIGRP Bandwidth, Delay, Reliability, Load Ciscos OSPF Cost (Based on Bandwidth) IS-IS Cost BGP Number of AS or policy

Configuring Dynamic Routing

Administrative Distance and Metric

Hoboken#show ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, S 172.16.1.0/24 [1/0] is directly connected, Serial0 C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0

[ administrative distance / routing metric (or cost) ] The cost for all static routes is 0 The default administrative distance for static routes is 1

Examples

Examples

Next hop or Outgoing Interface

Example

The network 0.0.0.0 and mask 0.0.0.0 are known as a

default route

Can be written 0.0.0.0/0 Known as a quad zero route

Summary
Routed and routing protocol Configure static route, default route Protocol administrative distance Distance vector and link state routing protocol Routing protocols metrics