Physics 2220

Chapter 38 Diffraction and Polarization Quiz: Dr. M observes that the light from two small holes in a window screen produce a fine pattern of bright blue (450 nm) lines on the wall 5.0 m away each separated by 3.0 mm. What is the distance between the holes?
Solution: d sin = m
sin m+1 - sin m s/L = .0030 m/5.0 m = 0.60 mrad d = /sin = 4.5 x 10 7 m/6.0 x 10 - 4 = .73 x 10 3 m

d = 0.73 mm

Physics 2220

Chapter 38 Diffraction and Polarization Interference of Light Through Screen Interference spots

Physics 2220
1 Lecture:

Chapter 38 Diffraction and Polarization

Light from a single slit of width a produces a Fraunhofer

Diffraction pattern of dark bands: for destructive interference: a sin = m

Intensity: I = Imax [(sin /2)/(/2)] 2

/2 = d sin /
The Raleigh Criterion requires the first maximum of the

diffraction pattern from one object to coincide with the first minimum of that of a second object. For a slit min = /a , for a circular hole : min = 1.22 /D.

Physics 2220
1 Lecture:

Chapter 38 Diffraction and Polarization

A Diffraction grating produces a pattern of bright bands

where: for constructive interference: d sin = m The Resolving Power of a grating is R= Nm. crossed at an angle is I = Imaxcos2 .

The transmitted intensity of light through two polarizers

When the angle between the refracted and reflected ray

are equal or greater than 90 the light is completely polarized the angle where this occurs is the Brewster Angle: n = tan p.

Physics 2220
Slits

Chapter 38 Diffraction and Polarization

Youngs Double Slit Experiment

Light Source

Interference pattern

Physics 2220
Slits Light Source

Chapter 38 Diffraction and Polarization

Youngs Double Slit Experiment

m =1

m+ =
m =0 m+ = -

d sin = m

(bright line)
(dark line)

m =-1

d sin = (m + )

Interference pattern

Physics 2220
Edge

Chapter 38 Diffraction and Polarization

The Shadow of an Edge

Light Source

Expected Diffractionpattern pattern

Physics 2220

Chapter 38 Diffraction and Polarization

Fraunhoffer Diffraction

http://physics.nad.ru/Physics/English/stri_ref.htm

Physics 2220

Chapter 38 Diffraction and Polarization

Fraunhoffer Diffraction Pattern

Edge Diffraction Light Source

Minimum

Interference pattern

Physics 2220

Chapter 38 Diffraction and Polarization

Fraunhoffer Diffraction Pattern

Physics 2220

Chapter 38 Diffraction and Polarization

Fraunhoffer Diffraction Pattern

Disk Diffraction Light Source
Minimum

Maximum

Minimum

Physics 2220

Chapter 38 Diffraction and Polarization

Fraunhoffer Diffraction Pattern

Disk Diffraction Light Source

Physics 2220

Chapter 38 Diffraction and Polarization

Fraunhoffer Diffraction Pattern

Hole Diffraction Light Source
Maximum

Minimum

Maximum

Physics 2220

Chapter 38 Diffraction and Polarization

Fraunhoffer Diffraction Pattern

Hole Diffraction Light Source
Maximum

Minimum

Maximum

Physics 2220

Chapter 38 Diffraction and Polarization

Fraunhoffer Diffraction from Narrow Slit

m =2

Slit interference: For destructive (a/2)sin = Light Source sin = 2/a 3/a /a
m =1
m = -1 m=-2

Dark lines: sin = m /a

Physics 2220

Chapter 38 Diffraction and Polarization

Intensity in Fraunhoffer Diffraction

Use phasors to add the contributions of sinusoidal functions:

i Ei sin( kx t + i ) = Esum sin( kx t + ) i = ; vector sum of = (2/)y sin = N = (2/)Ny sin a = N y = (2/) a sin Esum

Physics 2220

Chapter 38 Diffraction and Polarization

Intensity in Fraunhoffer Diffraction

Use phasors to add the contributions of sinusoidal functions:

i Ei sin( kx t + i ) = Esum sin( kx t + ) = (2/) a sin

/2
2

Eo /
Esum

Esum = Eo [sin (/2)/(/2)]

I = Imax [sin (/2)/(/2)] I = Imax {sin (asin /)/(asin /)} 2

Eo

Esum = 2 (Eo / ) sin (/2)

Physics 2220

Chapter 38 Diffraction and Polarization

Intensity in Fraunhoffer Diffraction

= (a/)sin

I = Imax {sin (asin /)/(asin /)} 2 I = Imax {sin / } 2

Physics 2220

Chapter 38 Diffraction and Polarization

Rayleigh Criterion for resolution

Maximum of #1 coincidences with minimum of #2 Limit of resolution Barely resolved

Physics 2220

Chapter 38 Diffraction and Polarization

Rayleigh Criterion for resolution

For a slit min = /a , For a circular hole : min = 1.22 /D.

What is the limit of resolution for a 16 inch (41. cm) telescope for 500 nm light? min = 1.22 (500 x 10 9 m)/(41 x 10 -2 m ) = 1.6 x 10 6 = 0.33 arc-seconds

Physics 2220
Slits

Chapter 38 Diffraction and Polarization

Diffraction Grating

Light Source

d sin = m

Physics 2220

Chapter 38 Diffraction and Polarization

Reflection Grating
d sin = m m=
0 1 2 345 6

Physics 2220

Chapter 38 Diffraction and Polarization

Reflection Grating

Physics 2220
Replica Grating

Chapter 38 Diffraction and Polarization d sin = m

-6 -5 -4-3-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Physics 2220

Chapter 38 Diffraction and Polarization

Dispersion and Resolving Power

The half-width of the line produced by a grating is

DW = /[Nd sin ]
The Dispersion of a grating is

D = / = m/[d cos ]
The Resolving Power is

R = avg/ = Nm

Physics 2220

Chapter 37 Interference of Light Waves

X-Ray Diffraction

2d sin = m

d d sin

Physics 2220

Chapter 38 Diffraction and Polarization

X-Ray Diffraction Pattern

Laue Spots

Physics 2220
Polarization

Chapter 38 Diffraction and Polarization

The transmitted intensity of of light through two

polarizers crossed at an angle is I = Imaxcos2 .

Physics 2220

Chapter 35 Nature of Light Law of Reflection incident = relected incident relected

When incident + reflected > 90 o, Reflected light is polarized.

Physics 2220
Summary:

Chapter 38 Diffraction and Polarization

Light from a single slit of width a produces a

Fraunhoffer Diffraction pattern of dark bands: for destructive interference: a sin = m

Intensity: I = Imax [(sin /2)/(/2)] 2

/2 = d sin )/

The Raleigh Criterion requires the first maximum of the

diffraction pattern from one object to coincide with the first minimum of that of a second object. For a slit min = /a , for a circular hole : min = 1.22 /D.

Physics 2220
Summary:

Chapter 38 Diffraction and Polarization

A Diffraction grating produces a pattern of bright bands

where: for constructive interference:

d sin = m

The Resolving Power of a grating is R= Nm.

The transmitted intensity of of light through two

polarizers crossed at an angle is I = Imaxcos2 .

When the angle between the refracted and relected ray

are equal or greater than 90 the light is completely polarized the angle where this occurs is the Brewster Angle: n = tan p.